ABSTRACT
This chapter examines the complex relationships that confront many developing countries in their strategy for development and modernization, particularly during the implementation of hydropower energy projects and the associated schemes for irrigation and agriculture. It also examines the complex conundrum of how to safeguard the cultural and natural heritage in the face of development. The chapter explores the three major dams constructed on the Nile, the longest river on the continent. The three dams, namely the Aswan Dam in Egypt, the Merowe Dam in the Sudan and the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam in Ethiopia, have been seen as controversial for many reasons including their contribution to the destruction of Africa's priceless heritage. Jean Leclant in his report to UNESCO, pointed to the absence of monumental sites like those endangered by the Aswan High Dam, but he also underlined the richness of the region with archaeological remains from multiple prehistoric and historic periods.
