ABSTRACT
The rise of non-traditional threats is partly inherited from the Communist past, but is also the consequence of new global, regional, and local factors which have emerged in the 1990s. This chapter classifies the problems in three main groups, in the order of their importance are: threats; challenges; and risks. It is divided into several sections according to these three categories. The chapter deals with threats: drugs, terrorism, and organized crime. It addresses challenges to Russian security, such as mass migration and refugees. The chapter describes environmental degradation, which falls into the category of risks. Nevertheless, the need to prevent and repulse non-traditional threats is playing a growing role in planning for Russia's security. The equalization of social and economic conditions throughout the territory of the Soviet Union, with the help of accelerated industrial development of the national outlying areas, the construction of big enterprises, and modernization, required an influx of highly skilled managers, industrialists, physicians, and teachers.
