ABSTRACT
The effects of the Stockholm system were studied in an extensive evaluation program. This evaluation program was particularly important since the fate of the charges would be decided by a popular referendum. This chapter analyses how the car drivers' travel patterns were changed by the charges, particularly with regard to how they affected people of different income level and gender. It uses models of travel choice to investigate in more detail who changed behaviour, particularly by either changing mode or adjusting departure time. Lastly, the chapter quantify the benefits and burdens of the congestion charges on those who adjusted travel behaviours and those who did not, using a welfare analysis. The Stockholm Trial consisted of two parts: a congestion charging scheme that was in place from 3 January to 31 July 2006, and expanded public transport that was in place from 31 August 2005 to 31 december 2006.
