Traveller Responses to the Stockholm Congestion Pricing Trial: Who Changed, Where did They Go, and What Did it Cost Them? 1

Among transport economists and traffic planners, congestion pricing has long been advocated as an efficient means to reduce road congestion. Yet, up until recent years, the idea had rarely been implemented, with Singapore and Trondheim the only examples of congestion pricing systems that vary by time of day. ² In the last few years, however, new congestion pricing systems have been introduced in various forms, with London and Stockholm being the most ambitious systems in the sense that the congestion charges apply to the entire urban core. With the Stockholm system now in place, we have a chance to measure some real effects of congestion pricing on daily travel patterns.