ABSTRACT
Concerning the relationship between connectivity and consciousness, an observation by Durkheim is of great assistance. Durkheim argued that society has for its substratum the mass of associated individuals. The representations which form a network of social life arise from the relations between the individuals thus combined or the secondary groups that are between the individuals and the total society. Quite apart from books on the subject of global history in the large, a considerable number of more specialist books by historians have shown that the world has been much more global than recent history has suggested both in the sense of extensive connectivity and reflexive global consciousness. Clearly, the dramatic rise of so-called ISIS and its various branches, affiliates, allies, in Africa, the Middle East and other regions is particularly significant in any conception of global culture. It is clear that much of the preceding has involved crossing the line between culture and other aspects of the human condition.
