ABSTRACT

This chapter contributes to bridging that gap and proposes three educational approaches developed based on research findings by the authors' research group. It discusses the design principles underpinning the educational approaches. Through the use of case studies, it then describes how these educational approaches work to promote the spontaneous use of learning strategies among students. Cognitive counseling was proposed by Ichikawa as a practical research activity in which people who experience difficulties in cognitive aspects of their lives make individual consultations with people who possess expertise in cognitive psychology. Kashiwajima Elementary School is a public elementary school in Japan that participated in a bigger research project aimed at enhancing students' academic achievement and competencies as effective citizens. The chapter described three case studies that illustrate how it may be possible to promote spontaneous learning strategy use among students in real educational contexts. The approaches used can be modified and adapted to suit variations in learning environments and requirements of students.