ABSTRACT
According to an expression attributed to the Jurisconsult Javolenus, ‘every GH¿QLWLRQ LQ FLYLO ODZ LV GDQJHURXV¶2 +RZHYHU ZLWKRXW WKH GH¿QLWLRQ RI OHJDO FRQFHSWVDQDFWLYLW\DVEDVLFDVLWLVGDXQWLQJWKHUHFRXOGEHQROHJDOVFLHQFH
From Roman to modern times, works of a lexicographical nature, in all their forms – glossaries, dictionaries, répertoires (repertories), encyclopaedias and so on – have gone hand in hand with, provided a structure for, refashioned and even VRPHWLPHVGLUHFWO\OHGWRWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIOHJDOVFLHQFHDQGWKHUH¿QHPHQWRI SUDFWLFHLQWKHPRVWGLYHUVHRIFRQWH[WV&DUEDVVH+D\DHUW'HOLD The historical approach to the lexicography of law leads us accordingly to take a EURDGYLHZRIWKLVGRFWULQDOJHQUH+DNLPZKLFKKDGVXFKDQLQÀXHQFHRQ OHJDOOLWHUDWXUH
Before the systematization of Roman Law carried out by Gaius and prior WR WKH ¿UVW DWWHPSWV DW FRGL¿FDWLRQ XQGHU WKH /DWH5RPDQ(PSLUH WKHVeteres RI WKH5HSXEOLF LQÀXHQFHG E\ GLDOHFWLFV DQG*UHHN WKLQNLQJ *DXGHPHW 9LOOH\KDGPDGHVLJQL¿FDQWHIIRUWV WRGH¿QHFODVVLI\DQGRUGHU WKH ODZ :KLOH4XLQWXV0XFLXV6FDHYROD±%&ZRXOGDSSHDUWRKDYHEHHQWKH¿UVW to have written a treatise on Civil law aimed at classifying legal transactions into NLQGVDQGW\SHVLWZDV&$HOLXV*DOOXVDFRQWHPSRUDU\RI&LFHURZKRFRPSLOHGWKH ¿UVWWUXO\OH[LFRJUDSKLFDOZRUNGHYRWHGWRODZWKHVerborum quae ad jus pertinent VLJQL¿FDWLRQH%XWWKHÀDJVKLSZRUNRI5RPDQOHJDOOH[LFRJUDSK\DOWKRXJKQRW VWULFWO\ D OH[LFRQ RU D GLFWLRQDU\ &DUEDVVH +D\DHUW is still the title 'HYHUERUXPVLJQL¿FDWLRQHRI-XVWLQLDQ¶VDigest '7KH inspiration through the ages for numerous glosses, commentaries and alphabetical UHFDVWVWKLVGLVSDUDWHWH[W¶VRULJLQDOSXUSRVHZDVWRHOXFLGDWHWKHPHDQLQJRIOHJDO WHUPV RFFXUULQJ LQ IUDJPHQWV WDNHQ IURP WKH OHDGLQJ5RPDQ MXULVFRQVXOWV 7KH SULPDU\ GH¿QLWLRQDO SXUSRVH RI WKH De verborum, and in particular the
alphabetical and analytical works that followed it, make it the key and founding WH[WRIOHJDOOH[LFRJUDSK\
With the renaissance of Roman Law in the Middle Ages and throughout the $QFLHQ5pJLPHODZGLFWLRQDULHVÀRXULVKHGDQGVWDUWHGWRWDNHRQWKHWUDLWVWKH\ QRZSRVVHVV,QWKHWZHOIWKFHQWXU\WKH¿UVWPHGLHYDOOHJDOOH[LFRQVZHUHSURGXFHG by French lawyers and civilists, who remained true to their grammarian origins &DUEDVVH7KHPRVWIDPRXVRIWKHVHZHUH$XEHUWGH%p]LHUV-DFTXHV de Révigny and in particular Albéric de Rosate, author of the *UDQGGLFWLRQQDLUH GHGURLWFLYLOHWFDQRQLTXHFRPSLOHGFLUFDDQGUHHGLWHGDQGUHFDVW LQ WKH VL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\E\'HFLDQXV7KLVPDVWHUSLHFHLVVWUXFWXUHGLQDOSKDEHWLFDORUGHU DQG GHVLJQHG DV D WRRO IRU SUDFWLWLRQHUV7KHP\ULDG GLFWLRQDULHV WKDW IROORZHG this work were conceived as practical works and borrowed heavily from their SUHGHFHVVRUV
The Humanist approach to legal lexicography applied by Lorenzo Valla to the De verborumRUWKDWRI0DIIHXV9HUJXVRU&XMDVZDVQRWPRUHRYHUWRFKDQJH WKHDVSHFWRUWKHREMHFWRIODZGLFWLRQDULHV
$WWKHHQGRIWKHVL[WHHQWKFHQWXU\)UDQoRLV5DJHDX¶VO¶,QGLFHGHVGURLWVUR\DX[ et seigneuriauxEHFDPHWKH¿UVWGLFWLRQDU\RIµ)UHQFK/DZ¶MHWWLVRQLQJWKH/DWLQ WRQJXHIRUWKHYHUQDFXODU5HHGLWHGE\(XVqEHGH/DXULqUHLQ5DJHDX¶V,QGLFH DQG/RXLV&KDURQGDV¶Mémorables which appeared shortly afterwards marked the beginning of the new era of law dictionaries published in the seventeenth and HLJKWHHQWKFHQWXULHV,QZDVLQWKLVVDPHSHULRGWKDWOH[LFRJUDSK\EHFDPHDWUXH VFLHQFHZLWKWKHIRXQGDWLRQRIWKH$FDGpPLHIUDQoDLVH,WLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRQRWHLQ WKLVFRQQHFWLRQWKDWWKHMXULVFRQVXOWVRIWKH$QFLHQ5pJLPHRIWHQPDGHUHIHUHQFH LQWKHLUZRUNVWRµJHQHUDOGLFWLRQDULHV¶RIWKH)UHQFKODQJXDJH/H'LFWLRQQDLUHGH TrévouxLQSDUWLFXODUZDVFRQVLGHUHGDQDXWKRULW\EHFDXVHRIWKHKLJKTXDOLW\RILWV DUWLFOHVRQWKHZRUGVRIWKHODZ4
Dictionaries, legal encyclopaedias, thematic or alphabetical répertoires were from that time on an integral part of legal literature; many of those works, moreover, met with enduring success right up until the nineteenth century and
ZHUHWKHVXEMHFWRIQXPHURXVUHHGLWLRQV%RQLQ5,QDGGLWLRQWRWKRVH works should be mentioned the myriad of alphabetical reports dedicated to caselaw produced by DUUHVWRJUDSKHV(case reporters); these were even sometimes HQWLWOHG µGLFWLRQDULHV¶ RI OHJDO GHFLVLRQV ± WKHPRVW IDPRXV RIZKLFK LV WKDW RI GH%ULOORQ7KHVHODERULRXVO\FRPSLOHGFRPSLODWLRQVRIOHJDOMXGJPHQWV meticulously dissected, systematised and compared with other sources of law, follow in effect the model of general lexicographical works (Dauchy and Demars6LRQ
1HYHUWKHOHVV LW LV -RVHSK )HUULqUH¶V Répertoire universel et raisonné de MXULVSUXGHQFHwhich became OH'LFWLRQQDLUH GH GURLW HW GH SUDWLTXHunder the HGLWRUVKLSRI¿UVWKLVVRQDQGWKHQGH%RXFKHUG¶$UJLVDORQJZLWK-RVHSK1LFRODV *X\RW¶V5pSHUWRLUHXQLYHUVHOHWUDLVRQQpGHMXULVSUXGHQFHwhich were to become WKHÀDJVKLSZRUNVRIOHJDOOH[LFRJUDSK\XQGHUWKH$QFLHQ5pJLPH7KHVHZRUNV of encyclopaedic scope established the general characteristics of this literary genre DQGVHUYHGDVPRGHOVIRUWKHOH[LFRJUDSKLFDOZRUNVRIWKHQLQHWHHQWKFHQWXU\
What then are the general and abiding traits which sustain this multiform doctrinal genre and which unite these lexicographical works beyond their sole GH¿QLWLRQDOSXUSRVH"
7REHXVHIXOIURPDSUDFWLFDODVPXFKDVDVFLHQWL¿FSRLQWRIYLHZLVXQGRXEWHGO\ WKHSULPDU\DLPRIZRUNVRIOHJDOOH[LFRJUDSK\7KHLUPDLQREMHFWLYHLVWRUHQGHU legal norms, principles or institutions easy to understand, accessible and available IRUXVH±LQRWKHUZRUGVWKH\DUHSULPDULO\WRROV7KLVXWLOLWDULDQSXUSRVHLVHYLGHQW ¿UVWO\LQWKHIRUPRIWKHVHZRUNVRUJDQLVHGDOSKDEHWLFDOO\RUDFFRUGLQJWRVXEMHFW DQGPDNLQJXVHVRPHWLPHVRIWDEOHVRULQGLFHV,QWKLVUHVSHFWOHJDOGLFWLRQDULHV
OH[LFRQVRUUpSHUWRLUHVFDQEHOLNHQHGWRWKHFRGL¿FDWLRQSURFHVV%XUHDX for codes, like lexicographical works, aim at making the law more accessible, E\EULQJLQJWRJHWKHUDQGRUJDQL]LQJVHSDUDWHOHJDO WH[WVLQDVLQJOHFRUSXV7KH sole purpose, moreover, of Gregorian and Hermogenian Codes was to be of use to practitioners by making available inaccessible imperial texts and constitutions *DXGHPHW
8QOLNH WKRVH FRGHV KRZHYHU OH[LFRJUDSKLFDOZRUNV DOVR VHHN WRGH¿QH WKH ZRUGVRI WKH ODZ ,W LVQRWDTXHVWLRQRIVLPSO\XQLWLQJDQGPDNLQJNQRZQ WKH UXOHV DQG WKHSULQFLSOHV WKHLUPHDQLQJ DQG WHUPV DOVRKDYH WREH H[SODLQHG ,W LVZRUWK UHHPSKDVL]LQJ KHUH WKDW WKDW µGH¿QLWLRQ¶ LV QHYHU FRQ¿QHG WR DPHUH WHUPLQRORJLFDODFFRXQWRIWKHWHUPVZKLFKDFFRXQWZRXOGEHRIQRXVHWRODZ\HUV ,QWKLVVHQVHOHJDOOH[LFRQVKDYHIROORZHGRQIURPWKH5RPDQGH¿QLWLRQHV, which ZHUHQRWSXUHO\OH[LFDOGH¿QLWLRQV,W LVPRUHDTXHVWLRQRIµSULQFLSOHVRIOHJDO rules, in other words of propositions regarding the institutions designated by the KHDGZRUGVUDWKHUWKDQWKHZRUGVWKHPVHOYHV¶+D\DHUW$GHVFULSWLYH and synthetic approach to legal entities is still very much the preferred approach in OHJDOOH[LFRJUDSK\$VDUHVXOWDV9DOpULH+D\DHUWSRLQWVRXWµWKHUHLVQRZDWHUWLJKW GLYLVLRQLQWKLVW\SHRIZRUNEHWZHHQGLFWLRQDU\RIODQJXDJHDQGHQF\FORSDHGLD¶ LELG7KH H[LJHQFLHV RI WKH OHJDO VXEMHFWPDWWHU DQG WKHSUDFWLFDO IXQFWLRQRI WKHVHZRUNVGHSRVLWDULHVRIGH¿QLWLRQVFDVHODZIRUPXODHDQGH[WUDFWVIURPWKH FDVHODZFDXVHDEOXUULQJRIWKHWUDGLWLRQDOODQGPDUNVRIPHWDOH[LFRJUDSK\
'H)HUULqUH¶V'LFWLRQQDLUHLVDW\SLFDOH[DPSOH$FROOHFWLRQRIFXVWRPDU\ODZ royal law, learned law and case-law, it places the emphasis more on description DQGDQDO\VLVWKDQRQWHUPLQRORJ\DQGWKHGH¿QLWLRQRIZRUGVDQGLVFORVHUWRD UpSHUWRLUHWKDQDSXUHOH[LFRQ'HOLD7KHVDPHDSSOLHVWRPRVWRIWKH PDMRUOH[LFRJUDSKLFDOZRUNVZKRVHDUWLFOHVRIWHQUDQJHIURPOHDUQHGV\QWKHVHVWR technical articles and forme brèveµDEEUHYLDWHGIRUP¶
7KHVH ZRUNV DUH XVXDOO\ GLUHFWHG DW GLIIHUHQW W\SHV RI XVHUV +RZHYHU the learned nature of some types of developments, sometimes recorded by the MXULVSUXGHQFH LWVHOI VKRZV WKDW WKHVH ZRUNV DOVR KDG D VFLHQWL¿F IXQFWLRQ DQG FRXOGJRKDQGLQKDQGZLWKDQGVHUYHWKHGHYHORSPHQWRIOHJDOVFLHQFH7KH\ZHUH DFFRUGLQJO\DOVRZULWWHQ IRU WKHQDUURZHUSXEOLFRIXQLYHUVLW\ MXULVFRQVXOWVDQG OHJDOZULWHUV
The dictionaries, index and reports are also aimed at young lawyers embarking RQDFDUHHURUHYHQWKRVHVWXGHQWVDOUHDG\HQUROOHGDWO¶eFROH%\PDNLQJDFFHVV WRWKHODZHDVLHUDQGSURYLGLQJJHQHUDOO\XQGHUVWRRGGH¿QLWLRQVRIWKHFRQFHSWV that make up the law, these legal lexicons by their very nature have a capacity to be GLGDFWLF and SDHGDJRJLFDO WRROV,QKLV,QVWUXFWLRQVVXUOHVpWXGHVSURSUHVj former un magistratG¶$JXHVVHDXJDYHWKHIROORZLQJDGYLFHWRKLVVRQµ7KHRWKHU thing which would be of great use to you is to read the last two titles of the Digest, which are akin to a supplement to the Institutes; one of these titles deals with OHJDOUXOHVWKHRWKHUZLWKWKHPHDQLQJRIZRUGV¶/HJDOOH[LFRQVWKHUHIRUHEHFDPH SDUW RI WKH WUDLQLQJ EH LW WKHRUHWLFDO RU SUDFWLFDO RI ODZ\HUV 7KLV SHGDJRJLF IXQFWLRQLVH[SOLFLWO\VWDWHGLQWKHSUHIDFHWR&ODXGHGH)HUULqUH¶V,QWURGXFWLRQà
la pratique, where its author writes ‘[this work] has no great scholarly pretensions DQGZDVRQO\SURGXFHGIRUµWKRVHZKRDUHHPEDUNLQJRQWKHVWXG\RIFDVHODZ¶ 'HOLD
The same is true of the alphabetical reports written in French which are SULPDULO\DLPHGDWUHFHQWO\TXDOL¿HGSUDFWLWLRQHUVDV\HWXQLQLWLDWHGLQWKHVXEWOHWLHV RIFDVHODZDQGSURFHGXUHEXWDOVRDWWUDLQHHODZ\HUV,QHIIHFWDIWHUWKHGHFUHH RIWKHeGLWGH6DLQW*HUPDLQHQ/D\HHVWDEOLVKLQJWKHWHDFKLQJRI)UHQFK Law in the universities, reports were to become powerful pedagogic tools, making NQRZQ FXVWRPV ODZV DQG FDVHODZ WKURXJK WKH SULVP RI WKH MXGJPHQWVZKLFK ZHUHRI¿FLDOO\HPEHGGHGLQWKHFXUULFXOD'DXFK\DQG'HPDUV6LRQ
Finally, certain lexicographical works were intended for a wider public not MXVW FRQWDLQLQJ ODZ\HUV WR ZLW UHDGHUV ZKR ZHUH MXVW NHHQ WR NQRZ WKH law ,W LV LQ WKH HLJKWHHQWKFHQWXU\XQGHU WKH LQÀXHQFHRI WKH(QOLJKWHQPHQW DQGRI Encyclopaedism, that those who are ignorant of the law, are invited to inform themselves about a law that is in the process of rationalization and that is DFFRUGLQJO\EHFRPLQJPRUHDFFHVVLEOH)RUH[DPSOHWKH'LFWLRQQDLUHGHGURLWHW de pratique LVDOVRDLPHGDWWKRVHµZKRDOWKRXJKWKHLUVWDWLRQGRHVQRWUHTXLUHRI them to be versed in law, [they do so] so that they can become familiar with certain rules that are in daily currency, and ignorance of which is shameful and of which HYHU\PDQVKRXOGKDYHDNQRZOHGJHIRUWKHFRQGXFWRIKLVDIIDLUV¶/DZDOWKRXJK LQFRPSHWLWLRQZLWKDQGVXSSODQWHGE\µSKLORVRSK\¶DQGµSROLWLFV¶ZDVWRUHPDLQ DQHVVHQWLDOVFLHQFHDWWKHKHDUWRIWKHWUDLQLQJDQGFXOWXUHRIWKHOHDUQHG$VIRU *RGRW¶V LPSRVLQJ 5pSHUWRLUH LWV WDUJHWLQJ RI D ZLGHU SXEOLF KDG D FDXWLRQDU\ purpose in dissuading private citizens from embarking on expensive litigation ZKHUHWKHRXWFRPHZDVLQGRXEWRUOLNHO\WREHXQIDYRXUDEOH*X\RW;,,,;,98
Legal lexicographical works therefore contributed to the strides made to unify and rationalise French Law by providing ambitious syntheses of doctrine, practice DQG FDVHODZ DQG E\PDNLQJ DFFHVV WR ODZ LQ DOO LWV IRUPV HDVLHU 7KHPRUH FRPSUHKHQVLYHZRUNVFRXOGEHYLHZHGPRUHRYHUDVD¿UVWDWWHPSWDWV\QWKHVLV DFFRPSDQ\LQJDQGZRUNLQJWRZDUGVWKHXQL¿FDWLRQRIQDWLRQDOODZHYHQWKRXJK the plurality of sources and the regional particularities of the Ancien Régime PDGHVXFKDQDWWHPSWGDXQWLQJ([SUHVVLRQVRIDIRUPRIOHJDOUDWLRQDOLW\DWWKH VDPHWLPHSUDFWLFDOVFLHQWL¿FDQGGLGDFWLFWKHVHZRUNVKDGDVWKHLUSULPDU\JRDO WR SURYLGH DQVZHUV IRU WKHPRVW LPPHGLDWH TXHULHV DQG SUREOHPV IDFHG E\ DOO W\SHVRIMXULVFRQVXOWVUDQJLQJIURPWKHQRYLFHWRWKHPRVWLQYHWHUDWHRIVFKRODUV Finally, lexicographical works with encyclopaedic pretensions, veritable ‘swiss DUP\ NQLYHV¶ RI WKH ODZ GLIIHU IURP RWKHU ZRUNV RI OHJDO OLWHUDWXUH E\ WKHLU KROLVWLFDSSURDFK
Following on directly from their predecessors under the Ancien Régime, the lexicographic works of the nineteenth century were to add to the number of
different types of this doctrinal genre and bring them to their highest degree of SHUIHFWLRQ
Although the initial aim of those dictionaries was to facilitate the transition DQGDGMXVWPHQWWRWKHQHZODZ,OHJDOOH[LFRJUDSK\ZDVQRWWRUHDOO\DFKLHYHLWV KLJKHVWGHJUHHRIDFFRPSOLVKPHQWXQWLOWKH¿QDOWZRWKLUGVRIWKHFHQWXU\ZLWKWKH SURGXFWLRQRIDPELWLRXVZRUNVRIXQSUHFHGHQWHGVFRSH,,
I) From the Revolution to the Civil Code, Lexicographical Works of Transition
With the advent of the Revolution and in the years that followed the promulgation of the Civil Code, the main purpose of lexicographical works was to facilitate the passage from the DQFLHQGURLWWROHJDOHFRV\VWHPVFRQVWUXFWHGRQQHZSDUDGLJPV Works of transition but also synthetic works revealing continuity and intangible principles, the dictionaries and repértoires of this period are amongst the rare works that can be directly exploited to provide a real overview of the law, rationalised DQGEURXJKWXSWRGDWH$YDOXDEOHUHVRXUFHIRUSUDFWLWLRQHUV WKHVHZRUNVZHUH SDUWRIWKHWKDQNOHVVEXWYLWDOJURXQGZRUNWKDW¿UVWKDGWREHFDUULHGRXWWRSDYH WKHZD\IRUVXEVHTXHQWZRUNVRQGRFWULQH
%\LWVOHJLFHQWULFQDWXUH5LDOVWKHXQVHWWOHGSHULRGRIWKH,QWHUPHGLDU\ Law resulted in total legislative chaos, a situation that was aggravated by the abrupt ideological turnabouts of the Convention Nationale and of the 'LUHFWRLUH :KLOH WKH 5HYROXWLRQ PDGH µRXWODZV¶ RI ODZ\HUV SODFLQJ WKHP µKRUV OD ORL¶ +DOSpULQDQGVWURYHWRGRDZD\ZLWKWKHFRQIXVLRQRIVRXUFHVLQ favour of a single norm, a number of lexicons and dictionaries were produced to help citizens new to legal commerce, but also lawyers converted into défenseurs RI¿FLHX[DGPLQLVWUDWRUVDQGRIWHQDSSRLQWHGMXGJHVE\UHDVRQRIWKHLUH[SHUWLVH The desire here once again was to make accessible and comprehensible, to organise RUHYHQUDWLRQDOLVHDODZWKDWZDVPRUHGLVSDUDWHDQGXQFHUWDLQWKDQHYHU,Q Louis-François Jauffret in the Gazette des Nouveaux Tribunaux painted a grim SLFWXUHRIWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQRIMXVWLFHWRRRIWHQSODFHGLQWKHKDQGVRIXQWDOHQWHG DPDWHXUV LQ D WLPH RI WKH XWPRVW OHJDO XQFHUWDLQW\ 7R UHPHG\ WKLV VLWXDWLRQ WKH MXULVFRQVXOW VHWRXW WRSURGXFHDGLFWLRQDU\DLPHGDWFODULI\LQJDQGPDNLQJ accessible a law in the process of being substantially renewed: ‘it is perhaps more important than we realise to illuminate the path of those charged with the precarious duty of applying the laws or we will soon witness a partial law where WKHDUELWUDU\ZLOOFDXVHLUUHSDUDEOHGDPDJH%RRNVDUHQHHGHG>«@LQUHVSRQVHWR WKHQXPHURXVUHTXHVWV,KDYHUHFHLYHGLQWKHODVWVL[PRQWKV,KDYHPDSSHGRXW the basis for a crucial work but whose imminent publication my numerous other FRPPLWPHQWVPD\SUHYHQW,WLVD'LFWLRQQDLUHUDLVRQQpGXQRXYHORUGUHMXGLFLDLUH, FRQWDLQLQJDFOHDUDQGSUHFLVHGH¿QLWLRQRIWKHWHUPVRIWKHODZDQGRISUDFWLFHDQG bringing the old law closer to the new law, retaining as always the alphabetical
RUGHU¶$OWKRXJK-DXIIUHW¶VSURMHFWZDVWRUHPDLQXQUHDOLVHG7HQQHVVRQIRUKLV part published the similarly conceived 'LFWLRQQDLUH VXU OH QRXYHDX GURLW FLYLO: µ,QSURGXFLQJWKLVOLWWOHGLFWLRQDU\ZHKRSHGWREHRIXVHWRMXGJHVWRdéfenseurs RI¿FLHX[ and to all citizens, sparing them the labour of researching the new laws RQ&LYLO/DZ7KHVXEMHFWPDWWHULVRUJDQLVHGLQVXFKDZD\WRPDNHLWSRVVLEOH WRLQVWDQWO\¿QGDSRLQWRIODZUHTXLULQJHOXFLGDWLRQ7KRVHPRVWSUR¿FLHQWLQWKH ODZZLOO¿QGDKDQG\UpSHUWRLUHWRUHIUHVKWKHLUPHPRU\RIZKDWWKH\KDYHOHDUQW DQGZKDWWKH\PD\KDYHIRUJRWWHQ¶$OWKRXJKWKHUHDUHIHZGH¿QLWLRQVLQWKLVWH[W LWGRHVSURYLGHDQDOSKDEHWLFDOFODVVL¿FDWLRQRIWKHPDLQFRQFHSWVDQGLGHDVRIWKH law in addition to the old and new laws that govern them, accompanied in some SODFHVE\GHWDLOVRQWKHGLI¿FXOWLHVWKH\SUHVHQW
:LWKWKHSURPXOJDWLRQRIWKH1DSROHRQLF&RGHVLWLVLQWHUHVWLQJWRUHÀHFWRQ WKHGHYHORSPHQWRIWKHOH[LFRJUDSKLFDOSURMHFW7KHTXHVWLRQRIKRZWRPDNHODZ accessible, of rationalizing and sytemizing law is not as determinate as it once was, RULVQRWSRVHGLQWKHVDPHZD\WKHODZLVIURPWKDWSRLQWRQXQL¿HGRUJDQLVHGLQ FOHDUDQGFRQFLVHDUWLFOHVWKHJORU\RIWKH(PSLUH7KH&LYLO&RGHLQSDUWLFXODUDQ HVVHQWLDOSDUWRIHYHU\JRRGFLWL]HQDQGSDWHUIDPLOLDV¶ERRNFROOHFWLRQZDVWKRXJKW to contain the entirety of French Civil Law and to obviate the need for laborious UHVHDUFKLQSUHYLRXVOH[LFRJUDSKLFDORUGRFWULQDOZRUNV7KHVXSUHPHTXDOLW\RI the prose (Teissier-Esminger 2004),10 its rationality and its systematic spirit made WKHODZPRUHDFFHVVLEOHWKDQHYHU
However, as Portalis pointed out in the GLVFRXUVSUpOLPLQDLUHWRWKH¿UVW&LYLO /DZSURMHFWWKHODZFDQQRWSUHGLFWHYHU\VLWXDWLRQ7KH¿UVWFRPPHQWDULHVRQWKH code, reviled by the Emperor, inevitably showed up the problems with the new ODZLWVLPSUHFLVLRQVDQGGH¿FLHQFLHV117KHFDVHODZSDUWLFXODUO\WKHMXGJPHQWV of the&RXUGHFDVVDWLRQ retranscribed and analysed in new reports that started to DSSHDUDWWKHVWDUWRIWKHFHQWXU\0H\QLDO6HUYHULQSURYLGH a complement to, supplement and interpret the Code and adapt its rules on a daily EDVLV,QOHVVWKDQDGHFDGHDULFKDQGFRPSOH[ERG\RIGRFWULQHJUHZXSDURXQG DQGFRPSOHPHQWHGWKHFRGL¿HGODZ
,WZDVSULPDULO\WKHFDVHODZDUHÀHFWLRQRIWKHH[LJHQFLHVRIOHJDOWUDGHWKDW SURYLGHGWKHLPSHWXVIRUWKHSURGXFWLRQRIWKH¿UVWOH[LFRJUDSKLFDOZRUNVRIWKH QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\ 7KH LPPHGLDWH SUREOHPV DULVLQJ IURP WKH DSSOLFDWLRQ DQG
LQWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI WKH&RGHZHUH DGGHG WR E\ D VLJQL¿FDQW DPRXQW RI WUDQVLWRU\ litigation settled according to the customs and norms of the Ancien Régime and the droit intermédiaire GXULQJ WKH ¿UVW WKLUG RI WKH FHQWXU\ 7KHVH HVVHQWLDOO\ practical problems were addressed by a category of lexicographical works which made possible the transition between the previous law and the Napoleonic Law, LQVFULELQJWKHZRUNVXQGHUWKH(PSLUHLQWR)UHQFKOHJDOKLVWRU\DQGWUDGLWLRQ7KH best known of these is the Répertoire RI0HUOLQGH'RXDLDUHQRZQHGMXULVFRQVXOW and SURFXUHXU JpQpUDO SUqV OD &RXU GH FDVVDWLRQ (chief prosecutor) under the (PSLUHZKRSHQQHGDTXDUWHURIWKHDUWLFOHVLQWKHVHFRQGHGLWLRQRIWKHRépertoire universel *X\RW &OqUH /HXZHUV (QWLUHO\ UHFDVW DQG DXJPHQWHG EHWZHHQWKH\HDUVDQGWKLVYROXPLQRXVZRUNLVFRPSOHPHQWHGE\WKH Questions de droit VWHGDZRUNZKLFKLVSDUWDOSKDEHWLFDOUpSHUWRLUHDQG SDUWUHSRUWDQGLQZKLFKWKHMXGLFLDOHOHPHQWLVGRPLQDQW0HUOLQ¶VOH[LFRJUDSKLFDO works represent transition between the Ancien Régime and the new law and met ZLWKXQIDLOLQJVXFFHVVULJKWXSXQWLO WKHV7RWKHDUWLFOHVRQWKHKLVWRU\RI institutions, or norms and the associated doctrine, on the principles and intangible rules of Roman Law, of Canon Law and of the Ancien Droit, Merlin adds the new GHYHORSPHQWVRIWKH,QWHUPHGLDU\/DZDQGRIWKH&RGH:KLOHWKH5pSHUWRLUHVHHNV to situate law in its historical context, rules that have fallen into obsolescence are GLVFDUGHG$FXOWXUDOPHGLDWRUWKHMXULVFRQVXOWSURYLGHVZLWKWKLVZRUNDIXOFUXP a monument and a synthesis for all the people of the land in a time of fervent legal UHIRUPDQGXQFHUWDLQW\
,Q&KDUOHV'DJDUSXEOLVKHGDFRQVLGHUDEO\PRUHPRGHVW WRPHZLWKD strictly utilitarian purpose, le 1RXYHDX)HUULqUH RX'LFWLRQQDLUH GH GURLW HW GH pratique, emphasizing in its preface the still fragmentary state of the law in the wake of the promulgation of the Code: ‘the Civil Code guarantees a legislation WKDWLVOHVVXQFHUWDLQWKDQWKHRQHWKDWSUHFHGHGLW7KDQNVWRWKLVLPPRUWDOZRUN the study of law is no longer a ghastly maize where all forms of human intelligence ORVHWKHLUZD\%XWWKLVZLOOQRWEHWKHFDVHLQWKH¿UVWIHZ\HDUVIROORZLQJWKH SXEOLFDWLRQRIWKH&RGHLWVSURYLVLRQVRQO\JRYHUQWKHIXWXUHWKHSDVWLVVXEMHFW WRWKHODZVWKDWSUHFHGHGWKH&RGH:HDUHXQZLOOLQJO\VWLOOREOLJHGWRUXPPDJHLQ that amorphous mass to arrive at decisions on cases that involve acts or events that occurred under the Empire; this unfortunate reality will be with us for some years VWLOODQGZLOORQO\JUDGXDOO\FHDVH WREH¶'DJDUE\GHVFULELQJ WKHVWDWHRI WKH law in different periods ('URLWDQFLHQ, Droit intermédiaire Droit nouveau), traces WKHOLQHDJHRIWKHQRUPVDQGSULQFLSOHVPDNLQJWKHWUDQVLWLRQWRWKHFRGL¿HGODZ HDVLHU$VZLWK)HUULqUH¶V'LFWLRQQDLUHfrom which it borrows the content relating to the Ancien droit, this eponymous work was aimed at assisting all types of MXULVFRQVXOWEXWDOVRWKRVHFLWL]HQVXQLQLWLDWHGLQWKHP\VWHULHVRIWKHODZ12
These two works which differ greatly from each other in terms of their form, dimensions and contents, follow nevertheless in the line of great lexicographical authorities embodied by the *X\RW and the )HUULqUHof which, moreover, they are no PRUHWKDQXSGDWHGDQGDXJPHQWHGUHHGLWLRQV
As works of transition, certain lexicons published under the Empire served to give legitimacy from an historical perspective to provisions of the Napoleonic &RGHGUDZLQJWKHLUVRXUFHVIURPDJORULRXVSDVW)LHIIp/DFURL[¶V/DClef des lois romainesSXEOLVKHGLQLVPRUHWKDQDEDVLFYRFDEXODU\RI5RPDQ/DZDVLW DOVRUHIHUVLQHDFKDUWLFOHWRSRVLWLYHSURYLVLRQVRIGLIIHUHQWFRGHVRIWKH(PSLUH 7KHVHUHIHUHQFHVKDYH¿UVWO\DSDHGDJRJLFIXQFWLRQIRUXQGHUWKH(PSLUH5RPDQ /DZLQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWK&LYLO/DZLVUHLQVWDWHGDVSDUWRIWKHXQLYHUVLW\FXUULFXOXP 7KLVEHLQJWKHFDVH)LHIIp/DFURL[¶VZRUNREYLRXVO\VHUYHVWRPDNHWKHVWXG\RI this formative technical law easier but it also served the interests of the hierarchy ZKLFKYLHZHG5RPDQ/DZDVDSRZHUIXOGLGDFWLFWRRODGGLQJWKURXJKLWVPDMHVW\ WRWKHDXUDVXUURXQGLQJWKHLPSHULDO5HJLPHDQGLWVQHZMXGLFLDODUFKLWHFWXUH
The same period also saw the emergence of lexicographical works based on FDVHODZ,Q-HDQGH0RQWDLQYLOOHSXEOLVKHGD'LFWLRQQDLUHGHMXULVSUXGHQFH GH OD&RXUGH FDVVDWLRQ (preceded by a traité VXU OD FRPSpWHQFHGHV DXWRULWpV MXGLFLDLUHVHWGHVPDJLVWUDWVGHO¶(PSLUHIUDQoDLV) which was intended to ‘follow on from and supplement the dictionaries of the old case law handed down to us E\00%ULOORQ/RXHWDQG%URGHDX'HQLVDUGDQGRWKHUVLPLODUUHSRUWV¶WKHDLP being to furnish a diverse readership with the main points (in alphabetical form) of the case-law of the Cour de Cassation IURP WKH \HDU9,,, WR;,,,0DNLQJ tedious research in the periodic reports unnecessary, this lexicographical work is WKH¿UVWRYHUYLHZRIWKHFDVHODZRIWKDW&RXUWXSXQWLOWKH&RGH7KH'LFWLRQQDLUH GHVDUUrWVPRGHUQHVE\-HDQ6LPRQ/RLVHDXLVDPRUHGRFWULQDOZRUNWKDW DWWHPSWVWRH[SRXQGWKHHPHUJLQJFDVHODZGUDZLQJRQWKHXQL¿HGODZUHIHUULQJ LQVRPHSODFHVWRWKHMXULVSUXGHQWLDODQGFULWLFDODQDO\VHV6RPHRIWKHHQWULHVDUH SUHVHQWHGH[DFWO\DVWKH\ZRXOGEHLQDJHQHUDOGLFWLRQDU\WKHHQWU\IRUµDEVHQW¶ IRUH[DPSOHVWDUWVZLWKDGH¿QLWLRQRIWKHWHUPWKHQJRHVRQWRVHWRXWLQGHWDLO the rules and the case-law on the ‘statement and division of the property of the GHFHDVHG¶LQWKHODZWKDWSUHFHGHGDQGFDPHDIWHUWKH&LYLO&RGH
,Q WKH DUUrWLVWH (case reporter) Jean-Baptiste Sirey published a work which was to form a separate genre within legal lexicography: the annotated Code or Code annoté Unlike dictionaries or other classical répertoires this work follows the order of the Civil Code, enhancing its articles with succinct commentary DQGUHIHUHQFHV WR WKHFDVHODZDQGGRFWULQH$V\HWUXGLPHQWDU\ WKLV¿UVWCode FLYLODQQRWp assuredly did not claim to be a dictionary but it does challenge our XQGHUVWDQGLQJRIZKDWOHJDOOH[LFRJUDSK\LV0DQ\VLPLODUZRUNVIROORZHGFORVHO\
on that of Sirey, works aimed at explaining the words of the law following the order and legal logic of the codes instead of the alphabetical or thematic order IDYRXUHGE\JUDPPDULDQV$VWULNLQJH[DPSOHLVWKH&RGHFLYLOH[SOLTXpproduced E\5RJURQ LQ FROODERUDWLRQZLWK2UWRODQ LQ LQZKLFK WKH SUHIDFH FOHDUO\ VHWVRXWWKHOH[LFRJUDSKLFDODVSHFWRIWKHSURMHFWµ>ZKLOH@WKHSXEOLFDWLRQRIRXU >«@KDVHQDEOHGHYHU\FLWL]HQWRKDYHRQKLVERRNVKHOYHVDERRNFRQWDLQLQJDOOWKH laws of the land, these texts are often impenetrable for those who are not familiar ZLWK WKHSULQFLSOHVDQG ODQJXDJHRI WKH ODZ¶7RUHPHG\WKHVHSUREOHPVDQGWR make the law more accessible ‘to those who want to understand the code without KDYLQJWRJDLQDQLQGHSWKNQRZOHGJHRILW¶5RJRQVHWRXWWRFODULI\WKHSURYLVLRQV of the law following the stated plan of the legislator analysing the predominant JHQHUDO SULQFLSOHV LQ HDFK WLWOH DQG RI FRXUVH µSURYLGLQJ GH¿QLWLRQV ZKLFK WKH legislator had eschewed as being of no use in the mandatory provisions of the ODZ¶$LPHGSULPDULO\DWWKHXQLQLWLDWHGDQGODZVWXGHQWVEXWDOVRDWSUDFWLWLRQHUV this work is truly a law dictionary and is thus to be distinguished from the more technical Codes annotés published by Sirey and 'DOOR]WKURXJKRXWWKHFHQWXU\
8VXDOO\WKHVHFRGHVHQKDQFHGZLWKGH¿QLWLRQVDQGUHIHUHQFHVWRFDVHODZDQG MXULVSUXGHQFHZHUH LQ D SRUWDEOH IRUPDW14 which makes them user-friendly and sets them apart from the more voluminous legal 'LFWLRQQDLUHV, Répertoires or (QF\FORSpGLHV(format in-4° or in-2°
The result of editorial ingenuity, the Codes annotés or expliqués were an LQVWDQWVXFFHVVWKDWKDVHQGXUHGHYHUVLQFH7RGD\'DOOR]¶VMéga-Code represents the ultimate evolution of this type of legal lexicography which is at the border EHWZHHQGLFWLRQDU\OHDUQHGUpSHUWRLUHDQGVWULFWO\XWLOLWDULDQZRUN
As regards administration law, the situation at the start of the nineteenth FHQWXU\ ZDV D VLQJXODU RQH ,Q DQWLFLSDWLRQ RI WKH RI¿FLDOCode administratif which was never to materialise, writers initially set about lexicographical work to OD\WKHIRXQGDWLRQVIRUDQGUDWLRQDOLVHDIUDJPHQWHGDQGKLJKO\FRPSOH[VXEMHFW matter, by editing private dictionaries and private codes (FRGHVSULYpV) (Touzeil-'LYLQD,QHIIHFWWRIDFLOLWDWHWKHZRUNRIDGPLQLVWUDWRUVODZ\HUV DQGWKHVXEMHFWVWKHPVHOYHVLWZDVDERYHDOOHOVHQHFHVVDU\WRPDNHNQRZQDQG WRSXEOLFLVHDODZWKDWZDVDWWKDWWLPHVWLOOQRWHTXLSSHGZLWKJHQHUDOWKHRULHVDQG PDMRUSULQFLSOHV
)OHXULJHRQ¶VCode administratif YROVDSLRQHHULQJZRUN WKDWPHW ZLWK WKHXQHTXLYRFDODSSURYDORIGRFWULQLVWV LVQHLWKHUDV\VWHPDWLFFRGHQRUD UHDOGLFWLRQDU\'HYLVHGDVDWRROWRDLGWKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQLWFRQWDLQVDVXPPDU\ RI WKH PDMRU ODZV VRPHWLPHV DFFRPSDQLHG E\ UHPDUNV µDOO JOHDQHG IURP WKH FRUUHVSRQGHQFH RI YDULRXVPLQLVWULHV¶ DORQJZLWK SUDFWLFDO IRUPV7RPDNH WKH transition with the GURLWDQFLHQ possible, Fleurigeon also reproduces texts that had lapsed into oblivion, a feature that detracts from the purely utilitarian scope of the ZRUN:LWK LWV SDXFLW\RI GH¿QLWLRQV)OHXULJHRQ¶V&RGH LV VRPHZKHUHEHWZHHQ DQDOSKDEHWLFDOFRPSLODWLRQDQGDGLFWLRQDU\LQWKHWUXHVHQVHRIWKHZRUG0DQ\
VXEVHTXHQWDXWKRUVSURGXFHGFRGL¿FDWLRQVDLPHGDWWKHSXEOLFXVXDOO\HPSOR\LQJ DOSKDEHWLFDORUGHUEXWZKLFKZHUHQRWQHYHUWKHOHVVUHDOGLFWLRQDULHV%ODQFKHW /DORXHWWH6RORQ%RQQLQ6HH7RX]HLO'LYLQD
These consolidating texts were soon followed by genuinely specialist répertoires RQDGPLQLVWUDWLRQODZ7KHQuestions de droit administratif by Cormenin (1822) or even the Traité général du droit administratif appliqué by Gabriel Dufour DGKHUHG IRU H[DPSOH WR WKH FDQRQV RI OHJDO OH[LFRJUDSK\ WKHVH ZRUNV which are both theoretical and practical, and organised according to theme and VXEMHFWSURYLGHDSDUWLFXODUO\ULFKV\QWKHVLVRIWKHVWDWXWHODZWKHGRFWULQHDQG WKHFDVHODZDQGDUHDGGUHVVHGDWDOOFDWHJRULHVRIMXULVFRQVXOWV7KHRépertoire du droit administratifHVWDEOLVKHGLQE\WKHFRQVHLOOHUG¶eWDW/pRQ%HFTXHWDQG FDUULHGRQWHQ\HDUVODWHU¿UVWE\eGRXDUG/DIHUULqUHDQGWKHQE\3DXO'LVOqUH YRO±LVRQHRIWKHPRVWDFFRPSOLVKHGZRUNVRIOHJDOOH[LFRJUDSK\ RI DGPLQLVWUDWLYH ODZ RI WKH QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\ $Q DOSKDEHWLFDO ZRUN ZKLFK V\VWHPDWLFDOO\GH¿QHVWKHWHUPVLWFRQWDLQVDORQJZLWKWKHKLVWRU\RIFRQFHSWVDQG their principles, it is followed by a general and positive synthesis drawing on all WKHVRXUFHVDQGDLPLQJWRVHUYHSUDFWLFHDQGVFLHQFH3XEOLFDQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYH VXEMHFWVDUHDIDYRXULWHSUHRFFXSDWLRQRIWKHJHQHUDOOH[LFRJUDSKLFDOZRUNVWKDW EHJLQWRDSSHDULQWKHVWKHPRUHUHQRZQHGRIZKLFKZHUHFRPSOHWHGDWWKH GDZQRI WKH WZHQWLHWKFHQWXU\%RWK WKHRUHWLFDO DQGSUDFWLFDO DW WKH VDPH WLPH these encyclopaedic works had no less an ambition than to bring together the HQWLUHW\RIOHJDOVFLHQFH,,
II) The Great Répertoires, or the Golden Age of Modern Legal Lexicography
7KH ¿UVW VXEVWDQWLDO OH[LFRJUDSKLFDO ZRUN RI WKH QLQHWHHQWK FHQWXU\ ZDV WKH 5pSHUWRLUH GH OD 1RXYHOOH /pJLVODWLRQ FLYLOH FRPPHUFLDOH HW DGPLQLVWUDWLYH, SXEOLVKHG LQ E\%DURQ )DYDUG GH/DQJODGH7KLVZRUNZKLFK HQMR\HG D FRQVLGHUDEOHDQGHQGXULQJVXFFHVVGHDOVXQLTXHO\ZLWKWKHSRVWFRGL¿FDWLRQODZ 6XFKDZRUNFRXOGRQO\KDYHEHHQFRQFHLYDEOHRQFHDVXI¿FLHQWERG\RIFDVHODZ and doctrine in the area had been created and once litigation regarding the old law KDGEHFRPHOHVVIUHTXHQWµIRUVRPHWZHOYH\HDUVQRZ,KDYHKDGWKHLGHDIRUD 5pSHUWRLUHGHODQRXYHOOH/pJLVODWLRQFLYLOHFRPPHUFLDOHHWDGPLQLVWUDWLYH, whose aim was to present the general principles of the laws that govern us along with WKHLUPDQQHURIDSSOLFDWLRQE\WKHYDULRXVMXGLFLDODQGDGPLQLVWUDWLYHDXWKRULWLHV ,KDGHYHQGUDIWHGDUWLFOHVRQWKHPDLQVXEMHFWVRIWKH&LYLO&RGHDQGLQSDUWLFXODU on the law of successions and the law on hypothecs but the further my research advanced, the more necessary it became, in order to carry out my design, to wait IRULQFUHDVHGPRUHGHYHORSHGDQGPRUHFHUWDLQFDVHODZRQWKH&RGH,WLVFOHDU that until the law has been put to the test, it remains no more than pure theory; it is in a certain sense incomplete until its meaning and spirit have been teased out by MXULVFRQVXOWVDQGZLVHO\VHWWOHGE\PDJLVWUDWHV,ELG
:KLOVW0HUOLQ¶VRépertoire and the Questions de droit, cluttered with references that were becoming outdated, were found more and more wanting with regard to QHZSUREOHPV DULVLQJ LQ ODZ)DYDUG GH/DQJODGH¶VRépertoire provided a ¿UVW general synthesis of the positive law, that took into account the doctrinal and caseODZDUFKLWHFWXUH15
7KH DXWKRU¶VPHWKRGRORJ\ LV W\SLFDO RI H[HJHVLV WKH HVVHQWLDO LV WR H[SODLQ WKH µSULQFLSOHV¶ RI WKH &LYLO SURFHGXUDO DQG FRPPHUFLDO FRGHV DORQJ ZLWK WKH FRQQHFWHG µORLV¶ PDNLQJ UHIHUHQFH WR WKH ROG ODZV ZKHUH WKHVH FRXOG DGG WR our understanding of the new ones, but taking pains to avoid any discussion of UHSHDOHGFXVWRPVRUREMHFWVQRORQJHURIUHDOLQWHUHVW,QWKLVWDVNWKHDXWKRUZDV guided by the debates on each code by the &RQVHLOG¶eWDW and the Tribunat but he DOVRUHSURGXFHVDQGFODVVL¿HVWKHMXGJPHQWVRIWKH&RXUGHFDVVDWLRQXQGHUWKHLU FRUUHVSRQGLQJDUWLFOHV$GPLQLVWUDWLRQODZLVDOVRDGGUHVVHGIURPDOHJLVODWLYHDQG MXULVGLFWLRQDO SHUVSHFWLYH7KH ODZV RQ WKH RUJDQL]DWLRQ DQG MXULVGLFWLRQ RI WKH administrative authorities are analysed along with the laws on litigation involving WKHDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ)DYDUGGH/DQJODGHDOVRUHSURGXFHVWKHFDVHODZRIWKH&RQVHLO G¶eWDWµRQWKHPDLQTXHVWLRQVWKDWPDWWHUVZLWKLQLWVMXULVGLFWLRQJDYHULVHWR¶
The place and the importance attached to case-law is a hallmark of great lexicographical works, which seek to provide as complete and up-to-date a V\QWKHVLV DV SRVVLEOH RI DOO WKH VRXUFHV RI ODZ 3UDFWLWLRQHUV PRUHRYHU RIWHQ QHHGDSUHYLHZRI WKHFXUUHQW VLWXDWLRQ UHJDUGLQJTXHVWLRQV IDOOLQJ IRUGHFLVLRQ by the courts and general principles that can easily be applied rather than OHDUQHGRUWKHRUHWLFDOGHYHORSPHQWVLQOHJDOVFLHQFH+RZHYHUDWWKHVDPHWLPH MXULVSUXGHQFHZKLFKKLWKHUWRKDGFRQFHUQHGLWVHOISULPDULO\ZLWKWKHGHYHORSPHQW of systems and theories on the substance of the Codes and of the Law began to take DQLQWHUHVWLQWKHFRQWULEXWLRQRIWKHFDVHODZRIWKHFRXUWV$PRQJVWDXWKRUVRULQ VFLHQWL¿FMRXUQDOVVXFKDV7KpPLVFDVHODZZDVIURPWKDWSRLQWRQWKHVXEMHFWRI VSHFL¿FVWXGLHVDQGWKHRXWSXWRIMXGJHVZDVLQFUHDVLQJO\WDNHQLQWRDFFRXQWE\ the FRPPHQWDWHXUV
However the study of case-law was the guarded preserve of practitioners DQG LQ SDUWLFXODU FDVH UHSRUWHUV 7R FRXQWHUDFW WKH DPELWLRQV RI GRFWULQH FDVH reporters increased their production of lexicographical-type works and updated WKHPDWUHJXODU LQWHUYDOV7KHLUVZDVDSDUWLFXODUO\DPELWLRXVSURMHFW WRVXSSO\ in a relatively small number of volumes the most complete synthesis possible of OHJDOVFLHQFHDLPHGDWSUDFWLWLRQHUVDVPXFKDVMXULVFRQVXOWV7KHVHµUpSHUWRLUHV¶ DUHWKHVFLHQWL¿FUHÀHFWLRQRIWKHJUHDWUHSRUWVDQGGLVSOD\WKHNQRZKRZRIWKH µpFROHSUDFWLFLHQQH¶
The most emblematic work of legal lexicography in the nineteenth century is that of the renowned case reporter, Désiré Dalloz, who started in 1825 to publish his alphabetical répertoire, -XULVSUXGHQFH*pQpUDOHGX 5R\DXPH(Meynial: 188; GH OD0RUDQGLqUH ,W JDWKHUV WRJHWKHU LQYROXPHVDOO RI WKH MXGJPHQWV SULRU WR DQG IRUPLQJSDUW RI WKHROGSHULRGLF FROOHFWLRQRI WKH -RXUQDOGHV$XGLHQFHVDUUDQJLQJWKHPLQRUGHURIVXEMHFWWKRVHVXEMHFWVEHLQJ WKHPVHOYHVRUJDQLVHGLQDOSKDEHWLFDORUGHU,QWKH*OREHRXWOLQHGWKHH[DFWLQJ method employed by Dalloz:
7KLVZRUNWKH¿UVWWRPHRIZKLFKDSSHDUHGLQZDVWKHVXEMHFWRIDPDMRU UHHGLWLRQLQYROXPHVEHJXQLQDQGFRPSOHWHGLQ7KLVUHHGLWLRQ considerably increased the size of Le Répertoire de Dalloz and was prefaced with an important (VVDLVXUO¶KLVWRLUHJpQpUDOHGXGURLW)UDQoDLV$VWKHDXWKRUSRLQWV out, the work has a triple nature – it is simultaneously a repertory of statute law, RIGRFWULQHDQGRIFDVHODZ)RU'DOOR]WKHFRPELQDWLRQRIWKHVHWKUHHHOHPHQWV made the new edition akin to an encyclopaedia, and almost a collection of law ERRNVZKLFKDFFRXQWVIRUDQGMXVWL¿HVDWWKHVDPHWLPHWKHVLJQL¿FDQWQXPEHURI YROXPHVWKDWLWFRQVLVWVRI
A work which is both practical and useful, it makes access to information easier and is to be used in tandem with the periodical collection -XULVSUXGHQFH *pQpUDOHGX5R\DXPH,WVWDQGVDSDUWKRZHYHUEHFDXVHRILWVJOREDOYLHZRIOHJDO science, encompassing history, the philosophy of law, public law, case-law and all WKHEUDQFKHVRIVWDWXWHODZ$V(GPRQG0H\QLDOSRLQWHGRXWLWµZLOOVWDQGDSDUW IRUPDQ\\HDUVEHFDXVHRILWVVL]HDQGWKHTXDOLW\RILWVFRQWHQWV¶
7KH OHJDO UpSHUWRLUHV WKDW IROORZHG 'DOOR] ZHUH EHVWVHOOHUV 7KH WDQGHP SHULRGLFDOUpSHUWRLUHDSSHDOHGWRSUDFWLWLRQHUVZKRFRXOG¿QGLQRQHKDOIRI WKH HTXDWLRQWKHPRVWXSWRGDWHLQIRUPDWLRQDQGLQWKHRWKHUDV\QWKHVLVRIWKHPRVW SURPLQHQWVXEMHFWVDWWKH3DODLV
,Q/HGUX5ROOLQWKHQFKLHIHGLWRURIWKHJournal du Palais, also published a RépertoireZLWKLGHQWLFDODPELWLRQVWRWKRVHRIKLVULYDO'DOOR]+LVWRU\LVDOVR prominent in his work: ‘Nothing less than a Répertoire was needed, containing history, statute law, doctrine and case law for all the general divisions of the ODZ ,W LV MXVW VXFK D UpSHUWRLUH WKDWZH KDYH SURYLGHG IRU WKH SXEOLF >«@ DV D comprehensive self-contained work, encompassing all the writings on law for the ODVWKDOIFHQWXU\RQVXEMHFWVZKHWKHUWKH\KDYHEHHQFRGL¿HGRUQRWDQGZKLFKKDV UHTXLUHGWKHFROODERUDWLRQRIPDQ\LQDWRLORIRYHUWKUHH\HDUV¶,,,
7RERUURZ(GPRQG0H\QLDO¶VIHOLFLWRXVWXUQRISKUDVHµDWWKDWWLPHLWZDVIHOW DPRQJVW WKHHQOLJKWHQHGERXUJHRLVLH WKDWZHKDGUHDFKHGRQHRI WKRVHEHDWL¿F periods in the history of Man where after enduring a painful and protracted SHULRG RI FULVLV VRFLHW\ FDQ VWHS EDFN DQG IURP WKH HGL¿FH LW ODERULRXVO\ constucted view the terrain thus far covered and contemplate the paths that lie DKHDG¶ 0H\QLDO 7KHVH YROXPLQRXV FROOHFWLRQVZKLFK DUH WKH YHU\ HVVHQFHRIOHJDOOH[LFRJUDSK\DUHDFFRPSDQLHGE\DµYHULWDEOHIRUHVW¶RIDQFLOODU\ VSHFLDOLVWUpSHUWRLUHVZKLFKLQFUHDVHGUDSLGO\LQQXPEHUEHWZHHQDQG Meynal mentions in particular 5pSHUWRLUH GH OD MXULVSUXGHQFH GX QRWDULDW E\5ROODQG GH9LOODUJXHV YROV ± WKH'LFWLRQQDLUH GH SURFpGXUH E\ %LRFKHYROV±RUHYHQWKH'LFWLRQQDLUHGXFRQWHQWLHX[FRPPHUFLDOE\ 'HYLOOHQHXYHHW0DVVp
7ZR GLFWLRQDULHV VWDQG RXW IURP WKLV PDVV RI VSHFLDOLVW GLFWLRQDULHV 7KH ¿UVW RI WKHVH LV $UPDQG 'DOOR]¶V'LFWLRQQDLUH *pQpUDO SXEOLVKHG LQ $ GLVWLOODWLRQRIOHJDOVFLHQFHLQ¿YHin-quarto volumes, this stand alone works also VHUYHV DV D VXPPDU\ DQG FRPSOHPHQW WR'pVLUp'DOOR]¶V LPSRVLQJRépertoire and his periodical FROOHFWLRQ 6HELUH DQG &DUWHUHW¶V O¶(QF\FORSpGLH GX GURLW YROV ± VWDUWHG DW WKH VDPH WLPH EXW QHYHU FRPSOHWHG IROORZV LQ WKH tradition of the great répertoires; ‘we have tried to do for the contemporary law what Guyot achieved for the old statute-law and Merlin for the intermediary period ZKLFK SUHFHGHG DQG IROORZHG WKH SXEOLFDWLRQ RI WKH&RGHV2XU(QF\FORSpGLH, accordingly, aims at occupying the place so deftly and useful held up until now by 0HUOLQ¶VRépertoire¶
$Q DOSKDEHWLFDOZRUN O¶(QF\FORSpGLH FRQWDLQV GH¿QLWLRQV DQG H[SODQDWLRQV of ‘all the terms of law and of practice along with the historical and philosophical SHUVSHFWLYH RI VWDWXWH ODZ RQ HDFK VXEMHFW 7KHVH HOHPHQWV DUH VXSSOHPHQWHG with a review of the doctrine, a summary of the private and public case law, a bibliographic note, and here and there, a real innovation for that time, elements of FRPSDUDWLYHODZ¶7KHDUWLFOHVDUHDOVRSHQQHGE\DQXPEHURIHPLQHQWMXULVWV
including professors Antoine-Marie Demante and Foucart, the bâtonnier (chairman RIWKHEDU3KLOLSSH'XSLQWKHODZ\HUV0DULH3DLOOHW6LPRQDQG2GLORQ%DUURWRU HYHQWKHIRUPHUPLQLVWHUV0pULOKRXDQG9DWLPHVQLO
,Q WKH SXEOLVKLQJ KRXVH 6LUH\ DGGHG DRépertoire to their collection, D YROXPH ZRUN SXEOLVKHG XQGHU WKH HGLWRUVKLS RI )X]LHU+HUPDQQ ,Q WKH SUHIDFH$GULHQ &DUSHQWLHU DQG * )UqUHMRXDQGX6DLQW UHFDOO WKH UROH DQG WKH functions occupied by this type of work enshrined in the history of legal literature:
%RWKD MXULVSUXGHQWLDODQGSUDFWLFDOZRUN WKH5pSHUWRLUH LVRUJDQLVHGDORQJWKH lines of its predecessors, following a schema that is aimed at facilitating research DQGDFFHVVWRWKHODZ18
$OWKRXJK YROXPLQRXV )X]LHU+HUPDQ¶V Répertoire is of slightly smaller GLPHQVLRQVWKDWLWVFRPSHWLWRU'DOOR],WVVSLULWLVPRUHXWLOLWDULDQDVVHWRXWIURP WKHVWDUWLQWKHSUHIDFHµ$VUHJDUGVWKHVWDWXWHODZZHFRQ¿QHGRXUVHOYHVWRWH[WV WKDWDUHFXUUHQWO\LQIRUFHDQGLQWKHDFFRXQWRIWKHVXEMHFWZHRQO\ERUURZHGIURP the history of law that which is strictly necessary for the understanding of the KLVWRULFDOHYROXWLRQRILQVWLWXWLRQVRUWRKHOSVHWWOHDGLVSXWHGSRLQW¶3HUSHWXDWLQJ the great tradition of legal répertoires, the )X]LHU+HUPDQQ favours a purely SUDFWLFDOFRQWHQW,QVRGRLQJLWVHWV LWVHOIDSDUWIURPWKHRWKHUJUHDWUpSHUWRLUHV
of the Ancien Régime and even from those of the Journal du Palais which were LQWHQGHGDVLQVWUXPHQWVRIV\QWKHVLVRIOHJDOFXOWXUHLQLWVHQWLUHW\
)URP WRQHZUHSRUWV WKH3DQGHFWHV IUDQoDLVHV, also published a UpSHUWRLUHLQYROXPHVWRZKLFKZHUHDGGHGWKUHHYROXPHVHGLWHGXQGHUWKH GLUHFWLRQ ¿UVWO\ RI +\SSRO\WH)pUUpRO 5LYLqUH DQG WKHQ RI$QGUp:HLVV 7KH ‘avertissement¶ WRWKH¿UVWYROXPHLVW\SLFDORIWKHQHZXWLOLWDULDQFRXUVHIROORZHG by the great lexciographic works of the end of century: ‘a répertoire is an astute and methodological compilation aimed at the easy discovery of information useful WRWUDGHUVDQGMXULVFRQVXOWVRQDOOWKHTXHVWLRQVWKDWDUHVHWWOHGLQWKHGRFWULQHDQG LQWKHFDVHODZ¶
Henceforth répertoires became tools aimed at the most immediate needs of professionals, in other words tools of the greatest utility, thereby shedding bit by ELWWKHLUSDUDOHJDOFRQWHQWVXFKDVOHJDOKLVWRU\RUWKHSKLORVRSK\RIODZ,Q the 5pSHUWRLUHSUDWLTXHGHOpJLVODWLRQGHGRFWULQHHWGHMXULVSUXGHQFHpublished E\'DOOR]XQGHUWKHGLUHFWLRQ¿UVWO\RI*DVWRQ*ULROHWDQGWKHQRI&KDUOHV9HUJp FRPSOHWHGWKLVWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ7KLVQHZUpSHUWRLUHZKLFKRQO\FRQWDLQVDµVPDOO QXPEHURIYROXPHV¶LVDFFRUGLQJWRLWVDXWKRUVµRIDSUDFWLFDOQDWXUH¶7RDFKLHYH WKLVQHZFRQFHSWLRQLWZDVQHFHVVDU\WRSXUJHWKHZRUNRIµSUHYLRXVÀDZV¶µ:KDW SHRSOHDUHORRNLQJIRUWRGD\LQOHJDOSXEOLFDWLRQVDERYHHYHU\WKLQJHOVHLVVSHFL¿F solutions and information: theoretical developments and learned debate are of less DQGOHVV LQWHUHVW$QDFFRXQWRI WKHVWDWXWH ODZLQIRUFHDQDQDO\VLVRIFDVHVLQ ZKLFKLWLVLQWHUSUHWHGVKRXOGEHJLYHQSULRULW\DQGFDQQRWEHWRRFRPSUHKHQVLYH¶
This transformation of legal lexicography is partly the result of a law that has EHFRPHLQFUHDVLQJO\FRPSOH[UDSLGO\HYROYLQJDQGVSHFLDOLVW0DMRUFROOHFWLRQV RIµJHQHUDOOHJDOFXOWXUH¶KDYHEHFRPHOHVVDQGOHVVXVHIXOWRODZ\HUVFRQYHUWHG into technicians of the law, and who are more and more removed from the XQLYHUVDO ¿JXUH RI WKH MXULVFRQVXOW$W WKH WXUQ RI WKH WZHQWLHWK FHQWXU\ OHJDO lexicography favours the easily accessible specialist tool over cross-cutting works, OHJDO YRFDEXODULHV ZLWK VWDQGDUGLVHG WHUPLQRORJLFDO GH¿QLWLRQV *XLOOLHQ DQG 9LQFHQW&RUQXRYHUYHUERVHDQGFRQWH[WERXQGGHYHORSPHQWV
The history of legal lexicography however shows us the other side of this GRFWULQDOJHQUH)DUIURPEHLQJUXGLPHQWDU\WRROVWKHPDMRUOH[LFRJUDSKLFDOZRUNV provide us with a comprehensive overview of the law and can be regarded as doctrinal works in their own right in which reasoned syntheses are complemented ZLWKWKHSHUVRQDOYLHZVRUWKHRULHVRIWKHDXWKRUV7RRVHOGRPVWXGLHGDVREMHFWV IRU DQDO\VLV WKHPVHOYHV WKHVHZRUNV GRQRW HQMR\ D UHSXWDWLRQ WKDW EH¿WV WKHLU ZRUWK3DUWRIWKHUHDVRQIRUWKLVPD\OLHLQWKHRIWHQXQZDUUDQWHGDQGH[FHVVLYH DFDGHPLFFULWLFLVPGLUHFWHGDWWKHVHHDVLO\DFFHVVLEOHZRUNV7KHPHHWLQJSRLQWRI theory and practice, these lexicographic works and, in particular, those devoted WRFDVHODZKDYHDOZD\VEHHQFRQVLGHUHGE\WKHeFROHDVDQWLVFLHQWL¿FSRSXOLVW FRPSLODWLRQVFUXGHRUVWULFWO\SUDFWLFDOZRUNV'DXFK\&KHQH (GPRQG0H\QLDODOWKRXJKOHVVVHYHUHLQKLVMXGJPHQWVWLOOEHOLHYHVWKDWWKHJUHDW dictionaries of the nineteenth century were instruments that were ‘too convenient not to provoke idleness and apathy in those who were glad for professional reasons
QRWWRKDYHWRUHO\RQSXUHVSHFXODWLRQ¶7KHDXWKRULVRIWKHRSLQLRQWKDWWKHVH ZRUNV HYHQ VWLÀHG LQWHOOHFWXDO WKRXJKW DPRQJVW WKH MXULVFRQVXOWV RI WKH 3DODLV ZKRZHUHDWWKDWWLPHDWWKHFXWWLQJHGJHRIOHJDOVFLHQFH:KLOVWUHFRJQL]LQJWKH TXDOLWLHVRIWKHVHZRUNVKHVHHVLQWKHPWKHSULQFLSDOLQVWLJDWRUIRUWKHGHFOLQHRI SUDFWLWLRQHUVDQGPDNHVWKHFDVHIRUWKHLUH[FOXVLRQIURPOHJDOVFLHQFH
0RUHRYHURQFHWKHeFROHWRRNRYHUGLFWLRQDULHVDQGUpSHUWRLUHVDWWKHHQGRI WKHFHQWXU\LWWUDQVIRUPHGWKHPLQWRPHUHWRROVGLVSHQVLQJZLWKWKHVFLHQWL¿FDQG scholarly ambitions that were such a key part of this literary genre for centuries: in so doing it deprived hard-pressed practitioners of the cultural resources they were ZRQWWRPLQHLQWKHJUHDWGLFWLRQDULHVDQGUHSHUWRULHVRIODZ
The beginning of the twentieth century marked a turning point in the way legal OH[LFRJUDSK\LVFRQFHLYHG([WUHPHO\GLYHUVHXWLOLWDULDQVRPHWLPHVGLGDFWLFDQG often specialist, this literary genre has left behind it once and for all the ideal of the HQWLUHW\RIWKHODZEHLQJFRQWDLQHGLQWKHWKLFNYROXPHVRIWKHJUHDWUHSHUWRULHV ,QWKLVUHVSHFWOHJDOOH[LFRJUDSK\LVDPLUURURIWKHFXUUHQWVWDWHRIWKHODZDQG OHJDOWKLQNLQJ
References
6$%ODQFKHW&RGHDGPLQLVWUDWLI'XSRQW3DULV 3%RQLQ%RXUJHRLVLHHWKDELWDQDJHGDQVOHVYLOOHVGX/DQJXHGRFVRXVO¶$QFLHQ
régime3UHVVHV8QLYHUVLWDLUHVG¶$L[0DUVHLOOH$L[HQ3URYHQFH 3 %RQLQ µ/D FRXWXPH HQWUH SOXUDOLVPH MXULGLTXH VRXYHUDLQHWp pWDWLTXH HW
SURMHFWLRQ KLVWRULRJUDSKLTXHV OHV GLFWLRQQDLUHV GH O¶eSRTXH 0RGHUQH¶ LQ Corinne Leveleux-Teixeira, Anne Rousselet-Pimont, Pierre Bonin, Florent Garnier (eds), 1RUPHVHWQRUPDWLYLWppWXGHVG¶KLVWRLUHGXGURLWUDVVHPEOpHV HQO¶KRQQHXUG¶$OEHUW5LJDXGLqUH(FRQRPLFD3DULV
&-%%RQQLQ3ULQFLSHVG¶DGPLQLVWUDWLRQSXEOLTXH5HQDXGLqUH3DULV $*%RXFKHUG¶$UJLV'LFWLRQQDLUHGHGURLWHWGHSUDWLTXHFRQWHQDQWO¶H[SOLFDWLRQ GHVWHUPHVGHGURLWG¶RUGRQQDQFHVGHFRXWXPHV GHSUDWLTXHSDU0&ODXGH -RVHSKGH)HUULqUHQRXYHOOHpGLWLRQUHYXHFRUULJpHHWDXJPHQWpH (Bauche, 3DULV
'%XUHDXµ&RGL¿FDWLRQ¶LQ6WpSKDQH5LDOV 'HQLV$OODQGHGV'LFWLRQQDLUHGH ODFXOWXUHMXULGLTXH38)3DULV
-0&DUEDVVHµ'HYHUERUXPVLJQL¿FDWLRQHTXHOTXHVMDORQVSRXUXQHKLVWRLUHGHV YRFDEXODLUHVMXULGLTXHV¶>@'URLWV
& &KHQH µ/¶DUUHVWRJUDSKLH VFLHQFH IRUW GRXWHXVH¶ LQ 5HFXHLO GHV PpPRLUHV HW WUDYDX[ SXEOLpV SDU OD 6RFLpWp G¶+LVWRLUH GX GURLW HW GHV LQVWLWXWLRQV GHV DQFLHQV SD\V GH GURLW pFULW )DFXOWp GH GURLW HW GHV VFLHQFHV pFRQRPLTXHV 0RQWSHOOLHU
--&OqUHµ3KLOLSSH$QWRLQH0HUOLQ¶ LQ3DWULFN$UDEH\UH-HDQ/RXLV+DOSpULQ -DFTXHV.U\QHQHGV'LFWLRQQDLUHKLVWRULTXHGHVMXULVWHVIUDQoDLV;,,H;;H VLqFOH38)3DULV
& 'DJDU 1RXYHDX )HUULqUH RX 'LFWLRQQDLUH GH GURLW HW GH SUDWLTXH FLYLO FRPPHUFLDOFULPLQHOHWMXGLFLDLUHFRQWHQDQWO¶H[SOLFDWLRQGHWRXVOHVWHUPHV GXGURLWDQFLHQVHWPRGHUQHVHWF (1st, Dagar, Garnery, Levrault, Schoell et &LH3DULV
'LFWLRQQDLUH XQLYHUVHO )UDQoRLV HW /DWLQ YXOJDLUHPHQW DSSHOp'LFWLRQQDLUH GH TrévouxQG&RPSDJQLHGHVOLEUDLUHVDVVRFLpV3DULV
$ 'DOOR]'LFWLRQQDLUH JpQpUDO HW UDLVRQQp GH /pJLVODWLRQ GH 'RFWULQH HW GH -XULVSUXGHQFHHQPDWLqUHFLYLOHFRPPHUFLDOHFULPLQHOOHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHHWGH GURLWSXEOLFHWF%XUHDXGHOD-XULVSUXGHQFH*pQpUDOH3DULV±
6 'DXFK\ /¶DUUHVWRJUDKLH VFLHQFH IRUW GRXWHXVH" FRQVXOWHG DW KWWSZZZ VDUWRQFKDLUXJHQWEH¿OH
6'DXFK\©/HJDOLQWHUSUHWDWLRQLQWKFHQWXU\ODZUHSRUWVªGDQV<0RULJLZD 0 6WROOHLV HW -/ +DOSpULQ pG ,QWHUSUHWDWLRQ RI /DZ LQ WKH $JH RI (QOLJKWHQPHQW)URPWKH5XOHRIWKH.LQJWRWKH5XOHRI/DZ6SULQJHU /DZDQG3KLORVRSK\/LEUDU\S
6'DXFK\ DQG9'HPDUV6LRQ HGV/HV UHFXHLOV G¶DUUrWV HW GLFWLRQQDLUHV GH -XULVSUXGHQFH;9,H;9,,,HVLqFOHV/D0pPRLUHGX'URLW3DULV
/ -XOOLRW GH OD 0RUDQGLqUH µ/H FHQWHQDLUH GX 'DOOR]¶ >@ '3 FKURQLTXH ;;,9
/'HOLDµ/¶HQF\FORSpGLVPHGX'LFWLRQQDLUHGHGURLWHWGHSUDWLTXHGH)HUULqUH¶LQ 0DUWLQH*URXOWHG/HV(QF\FORSpGLHVFRQVWUXFWLRQHWFLUFXODWLRQGXVDYRLU GHO¶$QWLTXLWpj:LNLSpGLD/¶+DUPDWWDQ3DULV
&-GH)HUULqUH'LFWLRQQDLUHGHGURLWHWGHSUDWLTXHFRQWHQDQWO¶H[SOLFDWLRQGHV WHUPHVGHGURLWG¶RUGRQQDQFHVGHFRXWXPHV GHSUDWLTXHQRXYHOOHpGLWLRQ UHYXHFRUULJpHHWDXJPHQWpH&KH]ODYHXYH%UXQHW3DULV
*-)DYDUGGH/DQJODGH5pSHUWRLUHGHOD1RXYHOOH/pJLVODWLRQFLYLOHFRPPHUFLDOH HWDGPLQLVWUDWLYHHWF)LUPLQ'LGRW3DULV
Fleurigeon, &RGHDGPLQLVWUDWLIRX5HFXHLOSDURUGUHDOSKDEpWLTXHGHPDWLqUHVGH WRXWHVOHV/RLVQRXYHOOHVHWDQFLHQQHVHWF*DUQHU\3DULV
Fuzier-Herman (eds), 5pSHUWRLUH JpQpUDO DOSKDEpWLTXH GX GURLW IUDQoDLV FRQWHQDQW VXU WRXWHV OHVPDWLqUHV GH OD VFLHQFH HW GH OD SUDWLTXH MXULGLTXHV O¶H[SRVpGHODOpJLVODWLRQO¶DQDO\VHFULWLTXHGHODGRFWULQHHWOHVVROXWLRQVGH ODMXULVSUXGHQFHHWF//DURVH±)RUFHO3DULV±YROV
-*DXGHPHWµ7HQWDWLYHVGHV\VWpPDWLVDWLRQGXGURLWj5RPH¶>@$3' * *ULROHW DQG &9HUJp5pSHUWRLUH SUDWLTXH GH OpJLVODWLRQ GH GRFWULQH HW GH MXULVSUXGHQFH'DOOR]3DULV
-1*X\RW5pSHUWRLUHXQLYHUVHOHWUDLVRQQpGHMXULVSUXGHQFHFLYLOHFULPLQHOOH FDQRQLTXH HW EpQp¿FLDOH RXYUDJH GH SOXVLHXUV MXULVFRQVXOWHV (Panckoucke, 9LVVH3DULV±
-/+DOSpULQµ+DURVXUOHVKRPPHVGHORL¶>@Droits 1+DNLPµ/HVJHQUHVGRFWULQDX[¶LQ/DGRFWULQHHQGURLWDGPLQLVWUDWLI$FWHVGX
FROORTXHGHO¶$)'$GHVHWMXLQjOD)DFXOWpGHGURLWGH0RQWSHOOLHU /LWHF3DULV
9+D\DHUWµ/HVOH[LTXHVMXULGLTXHVXQHDPELWLRQHQF\FORSpGLTXH"¶LQ0DUWLQH *URXOW HG /HV (QF\FORSpGLHV FRQVWUXFWLRQ HW FLUFXODWLRQ GX VDYRLU GH O¶$QWLTXLWpj:LNLSpGLD/¶+DUPDWWDQ3DULV
/)-DXIIUHW>@*D]HWWHGHV1RXYHDX[7ULEXQDX[Qƒ &-/DORXHWWH&ODVVL¿FDWLRQGHV/RLVDGPLQLVWUDWLYHVGHSXLVMXVTX¶DXHU
DYULO$%DYRX[3DULV $/HGUX5ROOLQ5pSHUWRLUH*pQpUDOFRQWHQDQWODMXULVSUXGHQFHGHj O¶+LVWRLUHGXGURLW OD/pJLVODWLRQHW OD'RFWULQHGHVDXWHXUV ))3DWULVDX %XUHDXGX-RXUQDOGX3DODLV3DULV±YROHWVXSSO
+/HXZHUV8QMXULVWHHQSROLWLTXH0HUOLQGH'RXDL± (Artois presses XQLYHUVLWp$UUDV
-6 /RLVHDX 'LFWLRQQDLUH GHV DUUrWV PRGHUQHV RX 5pSHUWRLUH DQDO\WLTXH VRPPDLUH HW FULWLTXH GH OD QRXYHOOH MXULVSUXGHQFH IUDQoDLVH FLYLOH HW FRPPHUFLDOHFRQWHQDQWOD1RWLFHGHV$UUrWVOHVSOXVLPSRUWDQWVGHOD&RXU GHFDVVDWLRQGHSXLVMXVTX¶HQHWFHX[GHV&RXUVG¶$SSHOGHSXLVOD SURPXOJDWLRQGX&RGH1DSROpRQHWF (Archives du Droit Français, Clament IUqUHV/LEUDLUHVpGLWHXUV3DULV
3$0HUOLQ5HFXHLODOSKDEpWLTXHGHV4XHVWLRQVGH'URLWTXLVHSUpVHQWHQWOH SOXV IUpTXHPPHQWGDQV OHV WULEXQDX[RXYUDJHGDQV OHTXHO O¶DXWHXUD IRQGX HW FODVVp XQ JUDQG QRPEUH GH VHV SODLGR\HUV HW UpTXLVLWRLUHV DYHF OH WH[WH GHV DUUrWV GH OD &RXU GH FDVVDWLRQ TXL V¶HQ VRQW HQVXLYLV (5th, Garnery, 3DULV±
( 0H\QLDO µ/HV UHFXHLOV G¶DUUrWV HW OHV DUUrWLVWHV¶ LQ 'DOOR] HG Le Code FLYLO±OLYUHGXFHQWHQDLUHVW3DULV
)-HDQGH0RQWDLQYLOOH'LFWLRQQDLUHGHODMXULVSUXGHQFHGHOD&RXUGHFDVVDWLRQ SUpFpGpG¶XQWUDLWpVXUODFRPSpWHQFHGHVDXWRULWpVMXGLFLDLUHVHWGHVPDJLVWUDWV GHO¶(PSLUHIUDQoDLVFRQWHQDQWOLWWpUDOHPHQWOHVPD[LPHVUqJOHVSULQFLSHVGH FHWWH&RXUHQPDWLqUHFLYLOHHWFULPLQHOOHHWF'LFWLRQQDLUHGHODMXULVSUXGHQFH GHOD&RXUGHFDVVDWLRQRXOHVPD[LPHVUqJOHVSULQFLSHVGHFHWWH&RXUGHSXLV O¶DQ9,,,MXVTX¶HQHWF&KH]O¶DXWHXU7UqYHV±YROV
-03DUGHVVXV¯XYUHVFRPSOqWHVGXFKDQFHOLHUG¶$JXHVVHDXQRXYHOOHpGLWLRQ DXJPHQWpH GH SLqFHV pFKDSSpHV DX[ SUHPLHUV pGLWHXUV HW G¶XQ GLVFRXUV SUpOLPLQDLUHHWF1LFROOH3DULV
3DQGHFWHV IUDQoDLVHV ± 1RXYHDX UpSHUWRLUH GH GRFWULQH GH OpJLVODWLRQ HW GH MXULVSUXGHQFH&KHYDOLHU0DUHVFT3DULV±YROV
65LDOV/DGpFODUDWLRQGHVGURLWVGHO¶+RPPHHWGXFLWR\HQ+DFKHWWH3DULV Sebire et Carteret, (QF\FORSpGLHGXGURLWRXUpSHUWRLUHUDLVRQQpGHOpJLVODWLRQHW GHMXULVSUXGHQFHHQPDWLqUHVFLYLOHDGPLQLVWUDWLYHFULPLQHOOHHWFRPPHUFLDOH HWF&RXORQ9LGHFRT3qUH ¿OV3DULV±
(6HUYHULQ'HODMXULVSUXGHQFHHQGURLWSULYp7KpRULHG¶XQHSUDWLTXH (Presses 8QLYHUVLWDLUHVGH/\RQ/\RQ
-%6LUH\&RGHFLYLODQQRWpGHVGLVSRVLWLRQVHWGpFLVLRQVGHODOpJLVODWLRQHWGHOD MXULVSUXGHQFHHWFVW%XUHDXG¶$GPLQLVWUDWLRQGX5HFXHLO*pQpUDOGHV/RLV HWGHV$UUrWV3DULV
9+6RORQ&RGHDGPLQLVWUDWLIDQQRWp$'XUDQG3DULV $ 7HLVVLHU(VPLQJHU /D IRUWXQH HVWKpWLTXH GX &RGH FLYLO GHV IUDQoDLV (La
0pPRLUHGX'URLW3DULV *97HQQHVVRQ'LFWLRQQDLUHVXUOHQRXYHDXGURLWFLYLO (Rousseau, Rondonneau,
*DUQHU\3DULV 07RX]HLO'LYLQD/D GRFWULQH SXEOLFLVWH pOpPHQWV GH SDWULVWLTXH
administrative /D0pPRLUHGX'URLW3DULV 09LOOH\La formation de la pensée juridique moderne (PUF – Quadrige manuels,
3DULV $:LMLIIHOVDQG',EHWVRQ,QWURGXFWLRQWR&DVH/DZLQWKH0DNLQJ7KH7HFKQLTXHV DQG0HWKRGVRI-XGLFLDO5HFRUGVDQG/DZ5HSRUWVHG$:LMLIIHOVSS±
