ABSTRACT
European integration, the overcoming of ideological divisions and the creation of shared institutions, is a process of defining common ground between Europe's multiple modernities, and it includes the re-negotiation of the place of religion. For Eisenstadt, religion does indeed constitute the main factor in the emergence of multiple modernities, since he sees multiple modernities rooted in earlier patterns of axial age civilizations, which, in turn, crystallize around religions. Orthodox religion is undergoing a process of modernization that implies both a re-definition of its place inside the societies where it is traditionally represented, as well as its position in the larger European religious pluralist landscape. When The Bases of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church was published, many commentators interpreted the mere fact of its formulation as an important step of Russian Orthodoxy on its way towards a modern secular political order. Habermas's paradigm of postsecularity has two critical edges: The religious citizen and the secular citizen.
