ABSTRACT
Historically, when examining how interest groups seek to achieve their public policy goals, most European Union (EU) political scientists have focused on lobbying of EU political institutions by such groups (eg., Mazey and Richardson 1993; Warleigh 2000). It is only more recently that political scientists have begun fully to explore the way in which EU law-based litigation strategies in national courts have also been used to further important policy objectives (Alter and Vargas 2000; Tesoka 1999). In doing so, they have built on work that lawyers have already done on this (Barnard 1995; Harlow and Rawlings 1992; Rawlings 1993). Finally, it is also only relatively recently that the role of protest as a means of applying policy pressure has been examined in an EU context (Imig and Tarrow 1999; Kriesi 1995; Marks and McAdam 1996; Tarrow 1995; Reising 1998).
