ABSTRACT
The prevailing problems that Afghanistan faces today are those of soil erosion, overgrazing, deforestation and rangeland degradation. Most of the country is covered by arid deserts and semi-arid lands in which the average annual precipitation is less than 250 mm, which is scattered irregularly both in terms of time and area. Kazakhstan is a landlocked country where the climate is continental. Oil and gas are the leading economic sectors in Kazakhstan. It has considerable agricultural potential with its vast steppe lands accommodating both livestock and grain production. Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked country bordering Kazakhstan, China, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Land degradation and desertification are serious economic and social problems related to the environment that face Kyrgyzstan. Mongolia is a landlocked country, bordered by Russia to the north and China to the south, east and west. Mongolia is a highland, and a cold and dry country.
