ABSTRACT
Gardening was associated with a small-scale, private context and traditional perceptions of nature and landscape, which was seen as being in stark contrast to the modern idea of progress. At the beginning of the twentieth century there was still a firm belief in the efficacy of gardening in pursuit of social progress, and green was considered to be very modern. It now appears as if gardening, in a new context, is once again gaining attention and importance in landscape architecture. The modernist movement in Europe, especially called avant-garde, was especially effective at eradicating traditional thinking about gardens from twentieth-century landscape architecture. The paradigm shift in the 1970s resulted in enormous progress in landscape ecology as an interdisciplinary planning science, and in a stronger consideration of environmental and conservation issues. The big challenges today are urban densification and a consumption of the landscape of almost ninety hectares per day.
