ABSTRACT
Severe and prolonged traumatic stress, experienced in childhood, often exacts a developmental toll. Trauma disrupts neurobiological maturation by provoking alterations in emotional, behavioral, interpersonal, cognitive, sensory, and biological areas of functioning (Ford, 2009). When traumatic experiences occur in conjunction with inadequate caretaking, so that the attachment figure either serves as the source of fear and/or cannot help the child cope, the disruptive, dysregulating effects increase exponentially
Traumatic stress in childhood exacts a particularly high developmental toll. When traumatic experiences start early, continue chronically, and/or occur in conjunction with inadequate caretaking, neurobiological consequences intensify. Implicated brain regions include those mediating stress reactions, emotional arousal and regulation, attention, inhibition, impulse control, and various types of memory. To address those issues psychotherapeutically, treatment must comprehensively target underdeveloped or damaged neural networks. This article reviews current knowledge of the neurobiological and developmental affronts caused by traumatic stress during childhood and examines the various treatments and treatment implications for psychotherapeutic work with children.
