ABSTRACT
The cognitive theory has a major advantage compared to the neo-Russellian theory in this regard. The neo-Russellian theory of propositions has the answer to questions of reference and meaning built into it. The cognitive theory by its very nature demands empirical investigation as the only plausible way to settle questions about meaning and reference. If necessary, it could even accommodate significant inter-and intra-cultural differences in the cognitive acts of agents by sorting cognitive acts into cognitive subtypes.
