ABSTRACT
This chapter introduces a wide range of deliberative and non-monetary methods to assess values ascribed to and associated with the natural world, which can be used as either an alternative to or in conjunction with economic methods. An important benefit of using deliberative and non-monetary methods is that they can take a broader perspective on values than conventional monetary approaches. Deliberative and non-monetary methods for valuing ecosystem services are wide-reaching and originate across a broad range of disciplines, including the arts and humanities, social psychology, sociology, anthropology, geography, development studies, and ecological economics. In terms of classifying deliberative methods, two broad groups can be identified: 'deliberative' and 'analytical-deliberative' methods. Economists have mostly used survey-based techniques without significant deliberative components in valuation. Social psychology and sociology have engaged with environmental values over several decades, and much of this research can inform valuation of ecosystem services.
