ABSTRACT
Forests are a crucial element not only of landscapes but also of human living conditions. Forests and their derived products have played a substantial role in the development of civilization, providing humans with building materials and fuel for thousands of years. The world's forests are in a state of flux due to land-use and climate change, deforestation, afforestation, wildfires, insects and pathogen outbreaks. Forest ecosystem services, as with other nature's services, have also been claimed to be of great economic value. Reorganization of forest management systems are needed to find the right balance for successful management adaptation within an ecosystem services approach, while considering bundles and trade-offs at different scales. Forests are important sources of timber, yet they can also provide a wide range of other ecosystem services such as habitat quality for a diverse set of species, recreation, non-timber products, water quality, carbon sequestration and landscape character.
