ABSTRACT
Inspired by doubts from social scientists on the validity of computer models that see a crowd as a pure aggregation of individuals, we develop a mathematical model for group formation within crowds. It is based on a few simple characteristics. Most importantly, small groups stick together as they thread their way through a crowd. Additionally, groups have a tendency to walk abreast to ease communication. Through simulation, we establish that the occurrence of groups significantly impacts crowd movement, namely evacuation times. Further, we complement and validate the simulations by a small experiment: a classroom egress. The simulation results match the measurements qualitatively. We get a good quantitative match after calibrating the supposed desire to communicate while walking—and hence to walk abreast. We conclude that it is one of the crucial parameters to calibrate the group model against reality. While working on a mathematically complete model, a new gap between the mathematical modelling and the social sciences emerged: some model assumptions are based on the modeller’s intuition rather than on sociological or psychological insight validated by the scientific community. We hope the findings—and resulting suggestions—will in return inspire new cooperation between the disciplines.
