ABSTRACT
Culture, which is one of the primary components of preparing for life in society, is of significance to cities economically, socially, and politically. For Raymond Williams (1961, 2011), the word “culture” depicted “a whole way of life” in an anthropological sense, where the forms of signification, including films, novels, advertising, and television, circulate within a society. Williams (1961, 1981, 1983) viewed culture as not just the arts and other forms of intellectual production, but, rather, as a network of shared and contested meanings that are a part of all human activities. Furthermore, he argued that most of these meanings are not of our own making but are instead generated by dominant groups and dominant institutions (Williams, 1981).
