ABSTRACT
Historical backspin The term ‘hip-hop’ refers to a street art culture which is popular worldwide but has its roots in black (and Latino) culture in the USA. Hip-hop is generally taken to comprise four central elements: DJing, B-boying/girling (hip-hop dancers),1 graffiti and rap.2 At the beginning hip-hop was a lived and practised culture; there were no finished hip-hop rules to rely on. Therefore, in hip-hop everything is possible, as hip-hop is like an umbrella (organisation) for all marginalised (black) cultures, bringing them together with established mainstream popular music cultures through using samples or making covers of other artists’ songs.
