ABSTRACT
The progress of science and technology, especially biotechnologies, 1 contributes to the domestic and transnational exploitation and use of genetic resources (GR), traditional knowledge (TK), and traditional cultural expressions (TCE). Frequent exploitation gives rise to legal questions concerning access and utilization of GR, TK, and TCE, and benefi tsharing between the exploiter/user and holder/benefi ciary of the GR, TK, and TCE. These issues relate to sovereignty, human rights, safety, cultural diversity, intangible cultural heritage, biodiversity, and intellectual property (IP).
