Can urban migration contribute to rural resistance? Indigenous mobilization in the Middle Rio Negro, Amazonas, Brazil

All over Latin America, the rise of indigenous movements and other ‘new social movements’ is seen as a response to military dictatorships, re-democratization and the rise of neoliberal policies (Jackson and Warren 2005; Yashar 2005; Stahler-Sholk, Vanden, and Kuecker 2007; Deere and Royce 2009). Many countries enacted constitutional reforms in the 1980s that recognized multiculturalism, including Brazil, Mexico, Paraguay, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Colombia, Ecuador, Argentina, Peru and Venezuela (Jackson and Warren 2005; Yashar 2005).