ABSTRACT
The previous chapter introduced basic concepts of genetics. The recent revolutionary advances in molecular biology, however, have vastly increased our knowledge well beyond these basic concepts. We now can sequence long DNA chains, actually observing the specific nucleotide sequences that lead to changes in alleles, and then follow up with studies of the effect these changes have on protein structure and function. We have come a long way towards bridging the gap between explanations of genotype and phenotype in individual organisms.
