ABSTRACT
Sport by nature is a social context that provides opportunities to engage in behaviors that can have positive consequences for others. For example, athletes may congratulate teammates for good play, help them to learn a new skill, or console them following failure. At the same time, sport has the potential for behaviors that can have negative consequences for others, for instance cheating, insults, and physically injurious acts, such as elbowing and kicking. These behaviors occur in sport, particularly at the elite level. An example is the biting incident of Louis Suarez in the last FIFA World Cup that resulted in his elimination from further play. Behaviors with more severe consequences are not uncommon. A recent example is the punch by Ben Flower to his opponent Lance Hohaia in the 2014 Rugby League Grand Final resulting in Hohaia being knocked unconscious. Such behaviors can have serious negative consequences for their recipients, but also question the integrity of sport as an institution.
