ABSTRACT
Many countries have developed policies and set mandatory targets to increase the use of biofuels in transport, in order to increase energy security, support rural development, and develop a low-carbon economy, in addition to mitigating climate change (Khanna et al. 2011). Owing to these policies, world ethanol production from biomass increased fivefold between 2000 and 2012, from 17 billion to more than 83 billion litres, and biodiesel production expanded from less than 1 billion to 22.5 billion litres during this period (Bringezu et al. 2009; IEA-ETSAP 2013). Biofuels currently contribute to about 4 per cent of global transport fuel consumption, and it is expected that their share will increase to 27 per cent by 2050 (IEA 2014).
