ABSTRACT
Second, the expanded scope helps waste management planners with iden ‐ tification and assignment of responsibilities attributed to manufacturers, producers, packagers, or retailers. It is in this direction that product design for clean production, and end-of-life options become part of effective waste management strategies. The nature of virgin raw materials used to manufacture the products, the presence of toxic components in products, and dismantling possibilities for composite products all have downstream impacts on waste management planning. Life cycle thinking highlights the multi-stakeholder nature of waste management programmes and facilitates participation of upstream organizations and agencies.
