ABSTRACT
Arguments for dualism aim to support dualism by relying on premises that are at least claimed to be less controversial than dualism. Many arguments concerning dualism depend upon assumptions about causal relations between mental and physical items. A property dualist can consistently say that some physical objects or events have both some physical and some non-physical properties. So long as the properties themselves are not reducible, there will be something that actually exists but cannot be fully accounted for solely by physical objects, events, and properties. The physical includes more than physical objects. It includes events that happen in physical objects, such as lightning flashes, muscle contractions, and landslides. It includes properties of fundamental physical objects, such as charge, mass, and spin. It includes properties of composites, such as liquidity of water and the temperature of the air. Spatial properties, temporal properties and spatio-temporal properties are also physical properties.
