Multiculturalism, veiling fashion and mosques: a religious topography­of­Islam­in­Berlin­

Introduction The religious landscape of European cities has been strongly impacted by migration to Europe (Oosterbaan 2014). Material manifestations of Islam in the urban landscape-be it an increase in the number of youth wearing headscarves or purpose-built mosques constructed both in urbanesque and central urban ­locations-have­ created­ fierce­ public­ debates­ and­ opposition.­ How­ religious­ presences are regarded will have different implications for the meaning of religious­performances­and­practices­for­participants­in­these­spaces.­Orsi­(1999,­46)­ stresses that “[W]hat people do religiously in cities is shaped by what kind of cities­they­find­themselves­in,­at­what­moment­in­the­histories­of­those­cities,­and­ by their own experiences, cultural traditions, and contemporary circumstances.”