ABSTRACT
As mentioned in the introduction to this collection, the vertical links between EU institutions and the national demoi (e.g., member states) are of crucial
ECJ rules on member state compliance with European law and reviews the lawfulness of activities of national institutions (i.e., parliaments, governments and administrations). Furthermore, the European Commission proposes legislation and enforces ever wider EU regulation, and EUAs support such proceedings, sometimes developing regulatory competences in their own right. In short, non-majoritarian bodies are central institutions in today’s national
as well as supranational policy-making (for examples, see Curtin [2005]; Gilardi [2008]; He´ritier and Lehmkuhl [2011, 2008]; Lodge [2008]; Magnette et al. [2003]; Majone [2002b]; Shapiro [1997]; Thatcher and Stone Sweet [2002]).
