ABSTRACT
The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) defines tic disorders as childhood-onset neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by involuntary motor or vocal tics (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Tics are defined as sudden, recurrent, and nonrhythmic movements (motor tics) or vocalizations (vocal tics) that typically fluctuate in form, frequency, and intensity over time. Tics can be further characterized as simple or complex. Simple tics are rapid, meaningless, discrete movements or sounds such as eye blinking, face twitching, sniffing, or throat clearing. Complex motor tics appear more purposeful, such as hand gestures, patterned touching or tapping, and orchestrated patterns of multiple simple tics. Complex vocal tics include uttering words, phrases, or complete sentences.
