ABSTRACT
We integrate the Charismatic, Ideological, and Pragmatic (CIP) model of leader styles with two collectivistic leadership approaches, shared and collective leadership, using a levels-of-analysis perspective. The three leader styles (charismatic, ideological, and pragmatic) at the individual level and two leadership approaches (shared and collective) at the team and collective levels, respectively, operate at different levels of analysis, rely on different foundational constructs, and involve different associations among variables. Nevertheless, there appear to be potential integrations and interactions among these leadership views, facilitated by a levels-of-analysis perspective, which can form the basis for future multi-level leadership work.
