ABSTRACT
The experiments implemented in this research demonstrate that people who navigate an urban environment using GPS have poorer landmark knowledge than those who do not use GPS. Furthermore, discriminant analysis reveals certain attributes of urban landmarks that GPS users rely on for memory of urban place. The research also examines the reasons for poor landmark knowledge amongst GPS users and this is discussed from the perspectives of different disciplines. Finally, the paper analyses how the findings of this study can inform urban design and enable greater cognitive engagement of GPS users with urban environments.
