ABSTRACT
This chapter emerges out of discussions from the innovative and informative conference that took place in the summer of 2015 in Jena, Germany. The sparks that caused the explosion that brought down the Berlin Wall in 1989 were not the same as the catalysts for the rapid transition in 1990 to unification and a post-Cold War order. In the summer of 1989, East Germany lost the circle of fraternal cooperation with its Warsaw Pact allies on which it had long depended. New leaders in Hungary made it clear that they would not only dismantle their border fortifications with Austria but also endorse international norms for refugees. Russia under Putin has been experienced de-democratization, censorship, and rising homophobia and xenophobia. Its neighbours have endured aggression, energy shut-offs, and armed incursions.
