ABSTRACT
In safety technology, the application of safety principles (e.g. fail-safe or safe-life) is used to design and implement a safe system that eventually fulfils the requirements of the functional safety standards. Safety principles have already been described and applied to guided transport systems, including systems with immaterial guidance principles. The different responsibility of human driver and technical driving system in different automation levels for autonomous driving vehicles require the application of safety principles. We consider, which safety principles have to be applied using general safety principles and analysing the relevant SAE level based on the experience from projects. For the five levels of automated driving as defined by the SAE, safety principles are derived. For the levels 0–2, the driver is fully responsible for driving, whereas starting from level 3, the automated driving equipment monitors the vehicle. To give the driver the possibility to intervene, means that this must be implemented according to the relevant safety integrity level and that the driver must have enough time to take over control. The latter strongly depends on the level of automation and the speed and the environment in which the vehicle moves. Depending on the level of automation, the technical systems are implemented as fail-silent or as safe-life. There are also exclusions, e.g. when the technical systems can be implemented as fail safe. This is possible, when the vehicle always can be brought to a safe stop, e.g. when driving with low speed and on a controlled territory.
