ABSTRACT

This chapter identifies the two major threats of poor-country ethno-nationalism and wealthier country populist nationalism, both of which are led by demagogues with intense followers. The intent of the functional review and transactional analysis methods is to improve systems and cost effectiveness at ministry levels and to encourage scaling them up to the entire government. Improved voting rules and electoral systems, if sustained and supported by regimes, can build firewalls to withstand nationalist threats by strengthening democratic development over time. Common nationalism has been an advantage for a shared project of democracy, which offers multiple models to transfer and adapt between countries and abroad. Ironically, former colonial powers such as Spain and Portugal often receive aid from their former colonies. Populist nationalists are not qualitatively different from ethnic nationalists in that both use group membership status dog-whistling as a means to gain, maintain, and expand power.