ABSTRACT
The critical theory of subject, society, culture, and history of the Frankfurt School, which has been of central interest in the Dubrovnik group, had originated in the experience of the horror of World War I. The Dubrovnik scholars traced the attacks of the secular sciences against religion from Galileo, Copernicus, and Newton through Schopenhauer, Darwin, Marx and Nietzsche to Freud. The Dubrovnik circle discovered that there was not only dialectic between religion and enlightenment, but also within enlightenment itself. All three Abrahamic religions— Judaism, Christianity, and Islam— share not only the Messianism but also the Mosaic Decalogue and precisely therefore are extremely anti-idolatrous. Walter Benjamin had to admit in his "Theological-Political Fragment" that, the Messianic intensity of the heart, that is, of the internality of the individual human being, had to go through misfortune in the sense of suffering, to reach the Messianic realm.
