ABSTRACT
This chapter compares two different anti-positivistic methodologies, praxiology and fuzzy thinking. The three praxiological E’s are introduced, i.e. efficiency, effectiveness, and ethics. These are applied to a set of tough logical and philosophical problems, like counterfactual reasoning, the contextuality of perception, and teleological reasoning. It is shown that fuzzy thinking and praxiology can cooperate fruitfully at the methodological level. Praxiological methodology can be said to focus on three different notions, the famous three E’s, namely, effectiveness, efficiency, and ethics in action and action policy. Effectiveness may be taken to mean the requirement that an action, a program of actions, or a methodology achieves regularly and systematically what it is intended to achieve. All action, methodological as well as causal, brings about changes in its domain. Let begin with a quotation: “A change that is intended, real, rational and positively evaluated from the utilitarian, ethical [Kantian] and aesthetic viewpoint is called ‘change proper’ or ‘relevant change’.
