ABSTRACT
In a Circular Economy, product designers need to plan and design for a product’s entire lifetime, with a product repeatedly cycling through the economy in different states of integrity. The chapter describes two very different concepts through which product integrity can take shape in a Circular Economy. In the ‘open-loop, open-source’ concept, product integrity is a collective responsibility involving consumers as main agents, whereas in the ‘closed-loop, closed-source’ concept, OEMs control product integrity through access business models. This has profoundly different implications for how products should be designed.
