ABSTRACT
Membrane bioreactor (MBR) systems have been used for the treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater. MBR technology is a treatment method in which a low-pressure membrane filtration is integrated as the last stage of the system instead of a precipitation basin. The salinity of the water produced must be decreased in some cases if the water is to be recovered and reused for irrigation and other processes. For this, advanced membrane treatment processes such as nanofiltration (NF) and reverse osmosis (RO) will be needed. RO is the best-known desalination process among a range of membrane-based processes such as electrodialysis and electrodeionization. Reuse of wastewater conserves fresh water resources and also contributes to environmental protection. The necessary quality and level of treatment required for recycled water depends on the following factors: water quality requirements and regulations; degree of worker and public exposure; type of distribution and irrigation systems; and soil characteristics.
