ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on current knowledge available regarding nanomaterial (NM)-induced adverse effects towards human health. It outlines outstanding issues that associated with the field of nanotoxicology in order to offer suggestions that might improve experimental design towards future research. With the ever-increasing sources and proposed applications of NMs, humans are continuously and inevitably exposed to NMs of all shapes and sizes. In terms of human exposure, the predominant focus, historically, of the NM toxicology field has been towards understanding the pulmonary effects of NMs. The adverse effects in terms of cardiovascular effects are invariably only observed in experimental animals given relatively high doses, often by instillation into the lungs or the direct injection into the blood. For blood-borne materials, the phagocytic Kupffer cells can be considered as a key clearance system with subsequent potential for accumulation of dose in the liver.
