ABSTRACT
Modern architecture, and the contemporary culture it reected, contributed to the cause and necessity of a burgeoning green process that has emerged over the past half-century. Modern architecture broke from the eclectic traditions of the 18th century and focused on abstraction, standardization and serial production seeking a homogeneous international identity. As the world evolved with greater complexity and increased reliance upon technology, it was exhilarating and bewildering-and to a large extent was energy inecient. As a result, it added unintended adverse consequences to the environment and exposed our dependence on fossil fuels. Beginning in the 1960s, works of Rachel Carson, E.F. Schumacher, Buckminster Fuller, Ian McHarg, and Stewart Brand, focused on the harmful eects to the environment and the awareness of holistic environmental thinking. Fortunately, earlier climate responsive architectural works by Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright, Ralph Erskine, Constantinos Doxiadis, Louis I. Kahn and Alvar Aalto, emerged as early modernist green precedents. The ever-closing circle of a single set of modernist universal principles was reconsidered by place-oriented intentions that initiated a diversity of environmentally conscious designs.
