ABSTRACT
Ethical errors are increasing not only in numbers but in variety–in the added problems arising in transplantation of organs. Nearly everyone agrees that ethical violations do occur. The ethical approach to experimentation in man has several components. There is the more reliable safeguard provided by the presence of an intelligent, informed, conscientious, compassionate, responsible investigator. An experiment is ethical or not at its inception; it does not become ethical post hoc–ends do not justify means. There is no ethical distinction between ends and means. By alteration in the tilt of the patient "the clinical state of the subject could be changed in a matter of seconds from one of alertness to confusion, and for the remainder of the flow, the subject was maintained in the latter state." of clinical research as a profession–and this, of course, can lead to unfortunate separation between the interests of science and the interests of the patient.
