ABSTRACT
In the middle of the eleventh century, Byzantine polemicists raised many issues, some of which already had a history. Ironically, success had caused these fierce fights—the success of Byzantine armies, which had reconquered parts of southern Italy and huge areas of Asia Minor and Mesopotamia in the ninth and tenth centuries. Armenia had been under Muslim rule until the ninth century. Initially, the emperors involved in the annexation and integration of Armenia and Armenians into the empire were fairly tolerant of religious differences. Taking second place after azymes in the twelfth century was the issue of papal primacy. The second reason for Byzantine interest in papal primacy in the twelfth century relates directly to the Crusades. Lists of Latin "customs" or "errors" circulated widely. At the other end of the spectrum, some intellectuals of the Palaiologan period admired Latin learning and considered it superior to Greek.
