ABSTRACT
Ethical reflection on social problems takes place at four distinct: general ends; specific criteria to identify the institutions and procedures which embody these ends in concrete situations; clusters of means taken as wholes; and individual means, taken separately. This chapter explores peace, justice, freedom, and equity. Even warmongers declare that the reason they fight is to create conditions which make peace possible. It also explores ideological and value divergence abounds. To illustrate, Marxists will claim that freedom is meaningless in the absence of economic equality, whereas liberals retort that freedom flourishes only if such democratic institutions as multiple parties and free elections can thrive. The chapter describes most important to social change agents. Development planning itself is such a system of means, as are technology policy, international aid, or financing schemes. The chapter also describes relatively conflict-free because such means are often morally neutral techniques which can be put to good or evil uses.
