ABSTRACT
Using published material and personal interviews with German analysts by the author, this essay examines the unique situation in which psychoanalysis found itself in Germany during and after the Third Reich. The individual and collective response among non-Jewish psychoanalysts who remained in the Reich is understood according to various, even conflicting, reports and analyses, as is the overall position and fate of the field in the shadow of Nazism. How context impacts a theory and praxis claiming universality is also explored, as are ways to increase awareness and agency for psychoanalysts in the midst of socio-political turmoil and terror.
