ABSTRACT
I. Introduction ................................................................ 602 II. Dispersion of Powders ................................................ 605
A. Oxide-Solution Interface in Simple Electrolytes.......................................................... 607 1. Surface Charge Formation ........................... 607 2. Experimental Determination of
Surface Charge.............................................. 608 3. Specific Adsorption of Ions ........................... 609 4. Formation of an Electrical Double
Layer Around Charged Oxide Particles....... 612 B. Adsorption at the Oxide-Solution Interface ...... 616
1. Ion Adsorption............................................... 616 2. Polymer Molecules ........................................ 616
3. Surfactants.................................................... 617 C. Stability of Aqueous Suspensions....................... 617
1. DLVO theory ................................................. 617 2. Stability in the Presence of Polymers .......... 619 3. Interactions at High Solid
Concentration................................................ 621 III. Application in the Processing of Oxide Ceramics ..... 624
A. Powder Synthesis and Characterization............ 626 B. Slurry Formulation and Forming
Techniques........................................................... 629 1. Tape Casting ................................................. 630 2. Slip Casting................................................... 635 3. Colloidal Filtration........................................ 636 4. Gel Casting.................................................... 638 5. Electrodeposition Methods ........................... 639 6. Plastic-Forming Processes: Injection
Molding and Extrusion ................................. 640 7. Sol-Gel Techniques....................................... 640 8. Example of Application: Ceramic
Membranes.................................................... 644 C. Ceramic Materials from Nanosized
Powders ............................................................... 645 1. Synthesis of Nanosized Ceramic
Powders ......................................................... 645 2. Compaction and Sintering Methods............. 645
IV. Effect of Stabilization on Drying and Sintering........ 646 A. Drying.................................................................. 646 B. Firing ................................................................... 647
1. Removal of Organic Matter .......................... 647 2. Sintering........................................................ 648
V. Summary..................................................................... 653 References............................................................................ 654
I. INTRODUCTION
Ceramics, together with new polymers and composites, belong to today’s advanced materials. Better performance, resulting from better control of processing and the ability to tailor their
properties, has placed ceramics in the ranks of emerging technologies.
