ABSTRACT
I. Summary................................................................................................................ 106 II. Introduction ........................................................................................................... 106
A. Market Penetration of Residential Automatic Dishwashers..................... 107 B. Smaller Households................................................................................... 108 C. Busier Consumer Lifestyles ...................................................................... 108
III. Hand Dishwashing Detergents.............................................................................. 109 A. Chemistry of Hand Dishwashing.............................................................. 109
1. Hand Dishwashing Process........................................................ 109 2. Methods of Hand Dish Washing ............................................... 110 3. Mechanisms of Cleaning by Hand Dishwashing Detergents ... 111
B. Basic Building Blocks of Hand Dishwashing Detergents........................ 112 1. Surfactants.................................................................................. 112 2. Foam or Suds Stabilizers ........................................................... 113 3. Hydrotropes and Dissolution Aids ............................................ 115
C. Recent Developments in Key Hand Dishwashing Technologies ............. 115 1. Surfactants.................................................................................. 115 2. Low-IFT Grease Cleaning Technologies................................... 116 3. Suds Boosting Polymers ............................................................ 118 4. Product Dissolution Aids ........................................................... 120 5. Enzymes ..................................................................................... 121 6. Bleaches ..................................................................................... 121
D. New Product Forms................................................................................... 121 1. Dish Wipes ................................................................................. 121 2. Hand Dishwashing Implement .................................................. 122
E. Summary of Recent Patents for Hand Dishwashing Detergents ............. 122 IV. Automatic Dishwashing Detergents...................................................................... 122
A. Chemistry of Automatic Dishwashing...................................................... 122 1. Automatic Dishwashing Process............................................................... 122
2. New Product Forms for Automatic Dishwashing Detergents... 132 3. Key Consumer Benefits of Automatic Dishwashing
Detergents .................................................................................. 133 4. Major Ingredients in Automatic Dishwashing Detergents........ 133
B. Bleach Catalyst Technologies for Automatic Dishwashing ..................... 135 1. Bleach Metal Catalyst Technology Design ............................... 135 2. Product Performance of the Cobalt (III) Bleach Catalyst ........ 138
C. Bleach Technologies for Hydrophobic Stains .......................................... 138 D. Low-Foaming Nonionic Surfactants ......................................................... 139 E. Glass Surface Care Technologies.............................................................. 141
1. Anticorrosion Glass Care........................................................... 142 2. Antifilming Surface Care........................................................... 142
F. Summary of Recent Patents for Automatic Dishwashing Detergents ..... 143 V. Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................. 143 References ....................................................................................................................... 150
I. SUMMARY
Dishwashing detergents play an essential role in consumers’ everyday lives. Both hand and automatic dishwashing detergents help consumers clean and care for a wide range of kitchenware, including dishes, pots, pans, and utensils. Over the years, dishwashing detergent manufacturers and suppliers have conducted extensive research and development activities to improve product performance in order to satisfy consumers’ needs better. New technologies and new product forms have emerged in recent years, fueling the dynamic growth of hand and automatic dishwashing detergents in the global marketplace.
