Spectroelectrochemistry Of Organic Compounds

I. Development and the Recent State of In Situ Spectroelectrochemistry ............................... 169 A.Scope of Spectroelectrochemistry .................................................................................169 B.In Situ Spectroscopic Methods Used with Electrochemistry ........................................170 C.Triple In Situ UV-Vis-NIR/ESR Spectroelectrochemistry ......................................... 172

1.Method ...................................................................................................................173 2. LIGA Electrodes in Voltammetric and Spectroelectrochemical Studies ...............174 3.In Situ UV-Vis-NIR/ESR Spectroelectrochemistry of Conducting Polymers ......176 4.In Situ UV-Vis-NIR/ESR Spectroelectrochemistry at Variable Temperatures ... 177

II.Spectroelectrochemistry of Organic Compounds in Solution or as Solid Layers on the Electrode Surface .................................................................................................................. 179 A. Empty Fullerenes ..........................................................................................................179 B.Derivatives of Fullerenes ..............................................................................................179 C.Endohedral Fullerenes ..................................................................................................181 D.Dimerization Reactions ................................................................................................ 183 E.Conducting Polymers .................................................................................................... 186

References ...................................................................................................................................... 187

Spectroelectrochemistry deals with the theory and application of spectroscopic methods in electrochemistryasabridgebetweenelectrochemistryandspectroscopy.Ingeneral,spectroscopicmethodsareappliedinelectrochemicalsystemsundertheconditionthattheelectromagneticradiationdoesnotchangetheelectrochemicalreactionandtheequilibriumattheelectrode. Electrochemistryisfocusedonprocessesatinterphases,whilespectroscopicmethodsareoften dealing with bulk properties of different materials. Modern research in spectroelectrochemistry is characterizedbyacombinationofdifferentspectroscopicmethodsforadetailedstudyofelectrode reactionmechanismsorcomplexelectrodesystems.In  situspectroelectrochemistryincludesall spectroscopicmeasurementsataworkingelectrodeunderelectrontransfer.Spectroscopicmethodscanbeappliedbothtothesolidandtotheliquidphasesattheelectrode-electrolyteinterface. Although a huge variety of methods arose in the last decades concerning spectroscopic methods appliedinelectrochemistry,therearesomespectroscopicmethodsthatarepreferredintheirusein spectroelectrochemistry.