ABSTRACT

A fresh look at physiology is needed to better understand the primary medical complaint of pain. Universities are still teaching their students that life is based on a chemical model. Rather than view life processes on a chemical basis alone, it is more realistic to view them on an

electrochemical

basis. All atoms are bonded electrically. This is a basic foundation necessary to understand electromedicine that is taught during the most elementary training in the basic sciences. Further in our rudimentary training we learned that there are voltage potentials across the membrane of all cells. All standard physiology textbooks define the Nernst and Goldman Equations to determine membrane and action potentials. They do not, however, speculate on the staggering significance of these facts.