ABSTRACT
According to Interpol, estimates have placed human tra†cking (HT) and illicit migration as a $28 billion enterprise, steadily catching up with drug and arms tra†cking (see www. interpol.int). “e total number of victims of cross-border tra†cking is now estimated at 600,000-800,000 per year, or 2-4 million if victims of internal tra†cking are included
Introduction 129 International and Supranational Levels 132
UN Protocol of 2000 132 First Universal Denition of HT 133 Victim Protection 133 Transnational Cooperation 134
EU Initiatives 134 OSCE 136 Europol 136 Interpol 138 National Level 139
Germany 139 Scope of the HT Problem in Germany 139 Legal Situation 140 Police Investigation in HT Cases 140 Example: Crime Suppression Focus West Africa/Nigeria 142 Decisive Role of Victim-Witnesses 142 Police Training Eorts to Investigate HT Cases 144 Summary 145
Russia 145 Scope of the HT Problem in Russia 145 Legal Situation 146 Police Investigation in HT Cases 146 Decisive Role of Victims as Witnesses 148 Police Training Eorts to Investigate HT Cases 148 Summary 148
Conclusion 149 Review and Discussion Questions 150 References 150 Helpful Web Links 152
(UN/IOM 2010). With regard to a 2010 UNODC report, it is estimated that 140,000 human beings in Europe alone become victims of HT with a view to sexual exploitation every year, thus having yielded a prot of approximately $3 billion. Since the late 1980s and the Fall of the Iron Curtain, tra†cking in human beings especially for the purpose of sexual exploitation is increasingly in the focus of the public as well as of politics within Europe. In Europe, Germany and Russia are regarded as the main countries of origin and/or destination for tra†cking in women for the purpose of prostitution (see IOM 2000; Oberloher 2003; UN/ IOM 2006).
