ABSTRACT
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Tissue engineering is an emerging interdisciplinary ‰eld that combines the knowledge and technology of cells, engineering materials, and suitable biochemical factors to create arti‰cial organs and tissues, or to regenerate damaged tissues. The common concepts associated with tissue engineering research are based on the construction of hybrid materials obtained from the incorporation of cells into three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds or hydrogels. The scaffold material, which can mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM), has an essential function concerning cell anchorage, proliferation, and tissue formation in three dimensions [1]. To perform these varied functions in tissue engineering, an ideal scaffold should have the following characteristics: (1) an extensive network of interconnecting pores and spread porosity (usually exceeding 90%) so that cells can migrate, multiply, and attach deep within the scaffolds (this would allow in vitro cell adhesion, ingrowth, and reorganization and would provide the necessary space for neo-vascularization in vivo); (2) channels through which oxygen and nutrients are provided to cells deep inside the scaffold, and waste products can be easily carried away; (3) biocompatibility with a high af‰nity for cells to attach and proliferate; (4) the right shape, however complex as desired by the surgeon; and (5) appropriate mechanical strength and biodegradation pro‰le. The decomposition products should be free from immunogenicity or any toxicity [2].
