ABSTRACT
Multiple Effect Distillation ................................................ 136 5.2.3 Treatment .......................................................................................... 137 5.2.4 Blending and Remineralization ........................................................ 138 5.2.5 Posttreatment Disinfection ............................................................... 139 5.2.6 Storage and Distribution ................................................................... 140
5.3 Discharges, Including Concentrates, Cooling Water, Pretreatment Residuals, and Membrane-Cleaning Solutions ............................................. 141
5.4 Verižcation ................................................................................................... 142 5.5 Quality Control ............................................................................................. 143
5.5.1 Additives and Chemicals .................................................................. 143 5.5.2 Testing Equipment, Laboratories, and Methods ............................... 144
5.6 Monitoring Plans and Results ....................................................................... 145 5.7 Surveillance .................................................................................................. 145 5.8 Regulation ..................................................................................................... 146 5.9 Monitoring Recommendations ..................................................................... 147 5.10 Research Needs............................................................................................. 148 References .............................................................................................................. 148 Annex: Case Study-Regulation ........................................................................... 148
The most effective means of ensuring drinking water safety is through the application of a comprehensive risk assessment and risk management approach. In the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality (GDWQ) (WHO 2008), this approach is based on application of a water safety plan (WSP) within a framework for safe drinking water. The framework includes (1) healthbased targets, which provide the “benchmarks” for water suppliers; (2) the three components of WSPs: system assessment, operational monitoring, and management plans, which in combination describe the actions undertaken by water suppliers to ensure that safety, as dežned by the health-based targets, is achieved; and (3) independent surveillance to assess the effectiveness of WSPs in meeting the targets. This chapter deals with the monitoring requirements to demonstrate that WSPs are appropriately designed, function effectively, and produce water that is safe to drink. The chapter also deals with independent surveillance and regulation of desalinated water supplies.
